1.able, capable, competent
able為常用詞,指具有做某事所需的力量,技巧,知識(shí)與時(shí)間等,一般下效率無(wú)關(guān),用作定語(yǔ)表示能力超出平均水平。如:A cat is able to see in the dark. (貓?jiān)诤诎抵心芸匆?jiàn)東西。)
capable 指滿足一般要求的能力,可以是表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的,也可是潛在的,搭配是be capable of +doing。用作定語(yǔ),表示的能力沒(méi)有able表示的能力強(qiáng)。如:He is capable of running a mile in a minute. (他能在一分鐘內(nèi)跑完一英里。)He is a very capable doctor. (他是一位很好的大夫。)
competent 指“勝任”,“合格”,或受過(guò)專業(yè)技術(shù)等訓(xùn)練的,但不是超群的能力。如:A doctor should be competent to treat many diseases. (醫(yī)生應(yīng)該能治多種病。)
2.aboard, abroad, board, broad
aboard 在船(或飛機(jī),車)上。如:I never went aboard a ship.
abroad 副詞,在國(guó)外或海外。如:He often goes abroad.
board 為動(dòng)詞,上(船,飛機(jī),車)。如:The passengers are boarding the plane now.
broad 為形容詞,寬廣的。如:He has very broad shoulders.
3.accept, receive
accept 接受,receive“接到”,“收到”。如:I received an invitation yesterday, but I didn’t accept it. (昨天我收到了一個(gè)請(qǐng)柬,但并沒(méi)有接受邀請(qǐng)。)
4.accident, incident, event
accident事故。如:a traffic accident (交通事故)
incident“附帶事件”,在政治上特指引起國(guó)際爭(zhēng)端或戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的事件,事變。
event “事件”,指特別重要的事件,通常是由以前的努力而產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果,也指國(guó)家和社會(huì)的事件。
5. accomplish, complete, finish, achieve, attain
accomplish表成功,強(qiáng)調(diào)完成的結(jié)果而不是過(guò)程。如:Because of his hard word, things are accomplished. (由于他的努力,事情都已完成了。)
complete 表示積極的完成,更具體地指建筑、工程等的完成。如:Has he complete his novel yet? (他的小說(shuō)寫完了嗎?)
finish 最常用,后接動(dòng)詞的-ing形式,表示在一個(gè)活動(dòng)的連續(xù)過(guò)程中完成了最后的一步或階段。如:I’ll finish the job alone. (我要獨(dú)自完成這項(xiàng)工作。)
achieve 完成,實(shí)現(xiàn),強(qiáng)調(diào)通過(guò)努力而達(dá)到目的。如:You will achieve success if you work hard.
Attain達(dá)到,實(shí)現(xiàn),常用于一般人的能力不易達(dá)到的目的。如:Greater efforts are needed before we can attain our goals.
6.accurate, correct, exact, precise
accurate準(zhǔn)確的,精確的。如:Clocks in railway stations should be accurate.(火車站的鐘應(yīng)該是準(zhǔn)確的。)
correct“正確的”,指符合一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)或準(zhǔn)則,含有“無(wú)錯(cuò)誤的”意味。它的反義詞是incorrect, wrong.
exact“精確的”,“恰好的”,比“大體上正確”更進(jìn)一步,表“絲毫不差”。它的反義詞是inexact。
precise強(qiáng)調(diào)“精確”,“精密”。
7.accuse, charge, sue
accuse 指責(zé),指控,常與of 搭配。如:His boss accused him of carelessness.
charge 常與with搭配。如:The police charged the driver with reckless driving.
sue 常與for 搭配。如:Smith sued his neighbor for damaging his house.
8.achieve, acquire, require, inquire
achieve(成功地)完成,實(shí)現(xiàn)。如:He will never achieve anything unless he works harder. (如他不努力工作,將會(huì)一事無(wú)成。)
acquire取得,獲得,學(xué)到。如:acquire knowledge (獲得知識(shí))
inquire打聽(tīng),詢問(wèn)。如:inquire a person’s name(問(wèn)一個(gè)人的姓名)
require需要。如:We require more help. (我們需要更多的幫助。)
9.act, action, deed
act 用作名詞時(shí),與action, deed均可表“行為”,“舉動(dòng)”。Act指時(shí)間較短的個(gè)人行動(dòng)或行為,強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)果。如:The farmer caught the boys in the act of stealing his apples. (農(nóng)夫在孩子們正偷他的蘋果時(shí)把他們抓住了。)
action較正式,往往指不止包含一個(gè)步驟,且持續(xù)時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)的行為或行動(dòng),強(qiáng)調(diào)行為的過(guò)程。如:Actions are more important than words. (行動(dòng)比語(yǔ)言更重要。)
deed為正式用語(yǔ),多指?jìng)ゴ蟮模@著的,感人的行為。如:They thanked him for his good deeds. (他們感謝他做的好事。)
10.actual, true, real, genuine
actual 意為“實(shí)際的”,“現(xiàn)實(shí)的”,指所形容的事物在事實(shí)上已經(jīng)發(fā)生或存在,而不是僅在理論上可能發(fā)生或存在的。
true“真實(shí)的”,指與實(shí)際相符,而非虛假。
genuine “真的”,“非冒充的”,“貨真價(jià)實(shí)的”,強(qiáng)調(diào)正宗而非冒牌。
11.adequate, enough, sufficient
adequate 足夠的,指數(shù)量多,適合需要的數(shù)量。
enough足夠的,指數(shù)量多,足夠滿足某種目的或愿望。
sufficient同enough,?苫Q使用。但sufficient指數(shù)量多,足夠滿足某種需要,在口語(yǔ)中常用enough,在書(shū)面語(yǔ)中常用sufficient,在不易肯定時(shí)多用enough。Enough可放在被修飾名詞后,且可作副詞,sufficient則不可這么用。
12.admit, confess
兩者都表“承認(rèn)”。
admit指大膽地承認(rèn)以前試圖不論或推諉的壞事。如:John has admitted to breaking the window. (約翰已承認(rèn)打破了窗玻璃。)
Confess常指承認(rèn)錯(cuò)誤,罪行等。如:The thief confessed his crime to the police. (小偷向警察承認(rèn)了罪行。)
13.advice,advise
advice勸告(名詞)。如:I want to give you some advice.
advise勸告(動(dòng)詞)。如:What do you advise me to do?
14.adopt, adapt
adopt (1)收養(yǎng)。如:Since they have no children of their own, they decided to adopt a little girl. (他們自己沒(méi)有孩子,所以決定收養(yǎng)一個(gè)小女孩。)(2)采納,采用,通過(guò)。如:He adopted our suggestion.(他采納了我們的建議。)
adopt與adapt詞形相近,后者的意思是“使適合”,“改編”等。
15.advance, proceed, progress
均可表“前進(jìn)”。
advance表向一個(gè)特定的目的地,在一定的時(shí)間或空間內(nèi)穩(wěn)定地向前運(yùn)動(dòng)。如:Napoleon’s army advanced on Moscow. (拿破侖的軍隊(duì)向莫斯科挺進(jìn)。)
proceed強(qiáng)調(diào)從一處向另一處的運(yùn)動(dòng),常表停頓后繼續(xù)前進(jìn)。如:They proceeded from London to Paris. (他們從倫敦往巴黎前進(jìn)。)
peogress 多表自然過(guò)程,指生長(zhǎng),發(fā)展等穩(wěn)定地或循環(huán)往復(fù)地前進(jìn)。如:The year is progressing, it will soon be summer. (光陰似箭,很快又是夏天了。)
16.advantage, benefit, profit
advantage 常指一種使某人處于比其他人相對(duì)有利的地位,機(jī)會(huì)或時(shí)機(jī)。如:He had the advantage of good education. (受過(guò)良好的教育對(duì)他十分有利。)
profit 多指報(bào)償或報(bào)償性的收入。如Did you make any profit last year? (你去年賺錢了嗎?)
benefit 指物質(zhì)利益或精神方面的好處。如:I get no personal benefit from the business.(我個(gè)人從這家企業(yè)中并不獲益。)
17.advise, convince, persuade
均可表“勸說(shuō)”。
advise表建議,規(guī)勸某人應(yīng)該做某事或如何做。如:He advised me to put my money in the bank. (他勸我把錢存入銀行。)
convince指向某人陳述事實(shí),運(yùn)用推理或邏輯證明使某人信服。如:We convinced Smith to go by train rather than plane. (我們說(shuō)服了史密斯乘火車而不乘飛機(jī)前往。)
persuade指用感情說(shuō)服某人去做某事。如:I persuaded him to go back to work. (我說(shuō)服他回去工作了。)
18.affect, effect
affect影響(動(dòng)詞)。如Smoking affects health.
effect效果,影響(名詞)。如:Government policy will not have any effect on us.
19.afford, provide, supply
都有“提供,供給”的意思。
afford一般只用于抽象事物。
provide 和supply意思相同,兩個(gè)詞都和with連用,構(gòu)成provide /supply somebody with something的結(jié)構(gòu)。
20.agree, consent
agree 為常用詞。如:Do you agree to the condition? (你同意這個(gè)條件嗎?)
consent為正式用詞,多用于上下級(jí)的關(guān)系,表示同意別人的要求或請(qǐng)求。如:Did the king consent to your plan?(國(guó)王同意你的計(jì)劃嗎?)
21.aid, help, assist
用作動(dòng)詞均可表“幫助”。
aid為正式用詞,help最常用。
assist最正式,表示協(xié)助某人做某事,尤指在體力上或具體事務(wù)上幫助和扶持。如:She employed a woman to assist her with the housework. (她雇了一名婦女幫她做家務(wù)。)
22.alive, living, live
alive 指雖有死的可能,但仍活著,一般只作表語(yǔ)。
living可用于人或物,作定語(yǔ)時(shí)可前可后。
live只做前置定語(yǔ),用于動(dòng)物和個(gè)別事物前。
23.almost, nearly
一般說(shuō)來(lái),almost比nearly 表示的意思更接近“開(kāi)始”、“完成” (目標(biāo))等。
在all, every, always 前,兩者都可用。如:He is almost (nearly) smoking. (他幾乎每天抽煙。)
almost可同never, no, nobody, none, nothing 連用,而nearly卻不能。如:Almost no one believed her. (幾乎沒(méi)人相信他。)
24.alone, lonely
alone只表“獨(dú)自”的客觀狀態(tài),沒(méi)有感情色彩,只作表語(yǔ);lonely表“孤獨(dú)”,:“寂寞”,能作定語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)。如:When she is left alone, she feels lonely. (剩下她一人時(shí)她就感到寂寞。)
alone, only均可表“只有”,但alone須置于被修飾詞之后,only往往置于被修飾詞前。如:He alone (Only he) can remember the story. (只有他才能記起這段經(jīng)歷。)
25.already, all ready
already已經(jīng)(副詞)。如:The plane had already landed before we got to the airport.
all ready準(zhǔn)備好的(作表語(yǔ))。如:We were all ready to leave when the telephone rang.
26.alter, change
作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),兩者可通用。
作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),alter是對(duì)局部,表面的改變,而change則是對(duì)本質(zhì)的,全面的,徹底的改變。如:Can you alter the dress? (你會(huì)改做這件衣服嗎?)Can you change the dress?(你能給我更換這件衣服嗎?)
27.altogether, all together
altogether總計(jì),總共。如:Altogether there are six of us. (我們總計(jì)六人。)
all together 全都在一起。如:We played the game all together. (我們大家都一起來(lái)玩游戲吧。)
28.amaze, astonish, surprise
都可作及物動(dòng)詞,意思相近,一般都是以事物作主語(yǔ),人稱作賓語(yǔ)。
amaze強(qiáng)調(diào)“使驚訝”,有時(shí)還有“驚嘆”,“佩服”等意。
astonish表示“使大吃一驚”,“幾乎使人無(wú)法相信”之意。
surprise只表“出乎意料之外”。
29.among, between
among 在……中間(三者或三者以上之間)。如:Our house is hidden among trees.
between在兩者之間。如:It is easy to distinguish between a Japanese and a Chinese.
30.announce, declare
announce指宣布公眾期望或與公眾有關(guān)的事情,含有預(yù)告的意味。如:The government announced that they would pay their debts. (政府宣布將償還債務(wù)。)
declare指正式負(fù)責(zé)地宣布,聲明,通常用于莊重的場(chǎng)合。如:The judge declared him guilty.(法官宣布他有罪。)
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