第3課
倒裝：倒裝有全部倒裝和部分倒裝。
謂語(yǔ)部分所有單詞都放在主語(yǔ)前是全部倒裝。謂語(yǔ)的一部分放在主語(yǔ)的前面是部分倒裝。
謂語(yǔ)中的一部分通常是指：1、系動(dòng)詞；2、助動(dòng)詞；3、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞。
全部倒裝的五條原則：
1. There be句型（表示有）；
2. 以There或now開(kāi)頭的句子，且句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為come或go；
There you go again. 你又去那里了。
3. 以Here開(kāi)頭的句子，且句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為系動(dòng)詞be； Here you are. 拿去。
4. 以副詞out, in, up, down, away開(kāi)頭的句子；
在2、3、4前提下，如果句子的主語(yǔ)是代詞則用陳述句語(yǔ)序。
5. 以狀語(yǔ)（常見(jiàn)的是地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)）開(kāi)頭的句子。
部分倒裝的六條原則：
1. so放在句首時(shí)表示承前肯定，這個(gè)句子用部分倒裝；
nor, neither放在句首時(shí)表示承前否定，句子也用部分倒裝；
2. 省略了引導(dǎo)詞if 的虛擬條件從句，可以把從句中的had, should, could, were中的任何一個(gè)提到從句最前面的位置，構(gòu)成部分倒裝；
3. as, though表示“盡管”時(shí)引導(dǎo)從句，從句中的表語(yǔ)可以置于引導(dǎo)詞之前構(gòu)成部分倒裝；
系動(dòng)詞后面的部分就是表語(yǔ)，形容詞、名詞、名詞性短語(yǔ)可以置于系動(dòng)詞之后。
例如：She is beautiful. They are students.
四級(jí)考試中出現(xiàn)的是由動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞轉(zhuǎn)變的形容詞作表語(yǔ)的形式。
26. _B_ as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.
A Being published B Published C Publishing D To be published
當(dāng)題干是as引導(dǎo)一個(gè)從句，且as前為一個(gè)空格時(shí)他表示的就是盡管，空格處要填的就是表語(yǔ)。
being published 正在被出版； to be published 將要被出版。
此句恢復(fù)正常語(yǔ)序應(yīng)為： As it was published at such a time …
4. 表示否定含義的單詞或短語(yǔ)放在句首，句子用部分倒裝；
常見(jiàn)的一些表示否定含義的單詞：never, little, few, hardly (… when), scarcely (… when) ；
seldom 難得，不常；nowhere 哪里都不。
常見(jiàn)的一些表示否定含義的短語(yǔ)：in no way 決不； on no account 決不；
under no circumstances 在任何情況下都不。
5. only + 狀語(yǔ)放在句首，句子用部分倒裝；（如果only去掉就是全部倒裝）
43. Only under special circumstances _C_ to take make-up tests.
A permitted are freshmen B freshmen are permitted
C are freshmen permitted D are permitted freshmen
freshmen 新生； make up for 彌補(bǔ)，補(bǔ)償； make-up tests 補(bǔ)考（緩考）。
6. 注意兩個(gè)表達(dá)形式：come what may 無(wú)論發(fā)生什么情況； say what you will 暢所欲言。
-------------------------1991-06-------------------------
強(qiáng)調(diào)句式的補(bǔ)充內(nèi)容：被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是疑問(wèn)詞時(shí)的情況。
60. When I try to understand _C_ that prevents so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes.
A why it does B what it does C what it is D why it is
prevent sb. from doing sth. 妨礙（阻止）某人做某事。
強(qiáng)調(diào)部分本為： it is what that prevents so many …
又因?yàn)榫渲杏幸蓡?wèn)詞，應(yīng)寫為： what is it that prevents so ...
但強(qiáng)調(diào)句式在句中作賓語(yǔ)成分，故正確寫法為： what it is that …
50. I like watching TV _C_ to the cinema.
A more than to go B than going C more than going D rather than to go
than 除構(gòu)成固定短語(yǔ)外就要與比較級(jí)搭配，不會(huì)單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)； rather than + 動(dòng)詞原形；
平行結(jié)構(gòu)，遇到平行結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)應(yīng)做的兩步：
1 找出連接詞，2 使要填部分與已給出的對(duì)應(yīng)部分形式完全一樣。
51. I appreciate _D_ to your home.
A to be invited B to have invited C having invited D being invited
appreciate + 動(dòng)名詞（不能加動(dòng)詞原形，不能加句子）。
41. I would appreciate _B_ it a secret.
A you to keep B your keeping C that you keep D that you will keep
your keeping 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。 you keeping 也是正確的。
52. I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into _C_ when judging my examination.
A regard B counting C account D observation
take sth. into account 考慮。
54. Important people don’t often have much free time as their work _C_ all their time.
A take away B take over C take up [占據(jù)] D take in
55. When I was very young, I was terribly frightened of school, but I soon ___ it.
A got off B got across C got away D got over
got over it 克服戰(zhàn)勝。
56. Many people complain of the rapid _C_ of modern life.
A rate B speed C pace D growth
pace 節(jié)奏； rapid pace of modern life現(xiàn)在生活快節(jié)奏。
57.
A is rarely B rarely is C hardly is D is scarcely
rarely, usually 都是頻度副詞。通常頻度副詞的位置在系動(dòng)詞之后，表示實(shí)在意思的詞前面。
58. The speaker, _D_ for her splendid speeches, was warmly received by the audience.
A having known B being known C knowing D known
know 沒(méi)有現(xiàn)在分詞；know 用主動(dòng)形式時(shí)只能和兩個(gè)介詞搭配：of, about。
known for 以…而著名。
60. I couldn’t find _A_, and so I took this one.
A a large enough coat B an enough large coat
C a large coat enough D a coat enough large
enough 修飾形容詞時(shí)要放到形容詞后面。
61. I always _B_ what I have said.
A get to B hold to C lead to D see to
本題所有選項(xiàng)中的to都是介詞，其后加動(dòng)詞動(dòng)名詞的形式。
hold to 堅(jiān)守，信守； see to 負(fù)責(zé)做，處理，照料（后面加的都是某件事情，不加人）
62. No sooner had we reached the top of the hill _C_ we all sat down to rest.
A when B then C than D until
no sooner … than 一…就…
63. Evidence came up _C_ specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
A what B which C that D whose
evidence 證據(jù)、sign 跡象、fact 事實(shí)，后面都要帶同位語(yǔ)從句，且從句用that引導(dǎo)。
64. He moved away from his parents, and missed them _A_ enjoy the exciting life in
A too much to B enough to C very much to D much so as to
65. He was _C_ of having asked such a silly question.
A sorry B guilty C ashamed D miserable
guilty adj. 有罪的； be ashamed of 因…而羞愧（不好意思）的； miserable adj. 悲慘的。
66. The last time we had a family reunion was _B_ my brother's wedding ceremony four years ago.
A in B at C during D over
ceremony n. 典禮，儀式。要表達(dá)在某典禮（儀式）上用介詞at。
at the graduation ceremony 在畢業(yè)典禮上。
67. What _A_ would happen if the director knew you felt that way?
A do you suppose B you suppose C will you suppose D you would suppose
do you supposed 常做插入語(yǔ)。
68. _D_ the advances of science, the discomforts of old age will no doubt always be with us. [despite prep. 盡管； as for 關(guān)于，至于]
A As for B Besides C Except D Despite
69. How close parents are to their children _B_ a strong influence on the character of the children.
A have B has C having D to have
influence on 對(duì)…造成影響，很大的影響中形容詞用的是strong。
70. He _A_ when the bus came to a sudden stop.
A was almost hurt B was hurt himself C was to hurt himself D was hurting himself
hurt oneself 自殘； be to + 動(dòng)詞原形，將要做某事；
-------------------------1993-06-------------------------
41. Jean did not have time to go to the concert last night because she was busy _C_ for her examination.
A to prepare B to be prepared C preparing D being prepared
be busy doing sth. 忙于做某事
42. Five minutes earlier, _A_ we could have caught the last train.
A and B but C or D an order
and 在這里表示一種結(jié)果，翻譯成“那么（和）”。只有兩種情況下and才會(huì)這樣翻譯：
1. 省略句 ＋ and + 句子； 2. 祈使句 ＋ and + 句子。
47. Turn on the television or open a magazine and you _B_ advertisements showing happy balanced families.
A are often seeing B will often see C often see D have often seen
43. I cannot give you _D_ for the type of car you sell because there is no demand for it in the market.
A an expense B a charge C a purchase D an order
order n. 定購(gòu)，訂單； purchase n. 購(gòu)買。
45. By the end of this month, we surely _C_ a satisfactory solution to the problem.
A have found B will be finding C will have found D are finding
如果一個(gè)句子的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)是由by引導(dǎo)的，則時(shí)態(tài)要選擇完成時(shí)態(tài)。
將來(lái)的行為在將來(lái)的某個(gè)時(shí)間之前就已完成用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。
solution to a problem 一個(gè)問(wèn)題的解決方案。
46. Mr. Wilson said that he did not want to _A_ any further responsibilities.
A take on B get on C put up D look up
take on 承擔(dān)； take on responsibility 承擔(dān)責(zé)任。
47. Having no money but _B_ to know, he simply said he would go without dinner.
A not to want anyone B not wanting anyone C wanted no one D to want no one
dinner n. 正餐（多指晚餐）； supper n. 夜宵，晚餐； breakfast n. 早餐； lunch n. 午餐；
brunch n. 早午餐。[but前后的句子要平衡]
48. We desire that the tour leader _A_ us immediately of any change in plans.
A inform B informs C informed D has informed
desire v. 要求，表要求時(shí)后面加句子要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣， (should) + 動(dòng)詞原形。
其他同樣用法的詞還有ask, demand, request, require.
49. Not _B_, the process of choosing names varies widely from culture to culture.
A obviously B surprisingly C particularly D normally
not surprisingly 一點(diǎn)也不奇怪。 vary vi. 變化。
vary from … to … 從一種形式變化到另一種形式。vary between … and … 在兩者之間進(jìn)行變化。
29. Features such as height, weight, and skin color _B_ from individual to individual and from face to face.
A change B vary C alter D convert
individual n. 個(gè)人，個(gè)體； individualism n. 個(gè)人主義。
44. The hope, goals, fears and desires _D_ widely between men and women, between the rich and the poor.
A alter B shift C transfer D vary
50. A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time _A_ the guards discovered what had happened.
A before B until C since D when
It + 系動(dòng)詞 + 一段時(shí)間 + before引導(dǎo)的句子 在…之前花費(fèi)多少時(shí)間。
54. Scientists say it may be five or ten years _D_ it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.
A since B when C after D before
51. In the experiment we kept a watchful eye _D_ the developments and recorded every detail. [keep a watchful eye on 密切主意，留神]
A in B at C for D on
52. There's little chance that mankind would _D_ a nuclear war.
A retain B endure C maintain D survive
retain vt. 保持，保留； endure v. 忍受； maintain vt. 維持，保持，堅(jiān)持認(rèn)為；
survive vi. 生存； vt. 活過(guò) … （賓語(yǔ)為某種災(zāi)難）。 survive a flood 活過(guò)一場(chǎng)洪水。
前綴sur表示過(guò) … ，外，超； vive 表示生活，強(qiáng)調(diào)活著。
54. They usually have less money at the end of the month than _C_ at the beginning.
A which is B which was C they have D it is
less … than句子前后要平衡結(jié)構(gòu)。
55. In the course of a day students do far more than just _A_ classes.
A attend B attended C to attend D attending
far more than 遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于，遠(yuǎn)不止于；也要句子前后平衡結(jié)構(gòu)。
56. The French pianist [n. 鋼琴師] who had been praised very highly _C_ to be a great disappointment.
A turned up B turned in C turned out D turned down
turn up 后面不加賓語(yǔ)表示出現(xiàn)，后面加賓語(yǔ)表示將聲音調(diào)高，調(diào)大；
turn in + 賓語(yǔ) 上繳，交出； turn down 將聲音調(diào)低，調(diào)��；拒絕；
refuse sb. 指直接的回絕； turn sb. down 則指委婉的拒絕；
turn out + 動(dòng)詞不定式 最終證明是，結(jié)果是。
57. Many difficulties have _B_ as a result of the change over to a new type of fuel.
A risen B arisen C raised D arrived
因本句未加賓語(yǔ)，估不應(yīng)選不及物動(dòng)詞，可排除C項(xiàng)； arrive vi. 到達(dá)，抵達(dá)；
rise vi. 升起，升高（側(cè)重指旗幟或太陽(yáng)升起）；數(shù)量的增高（側(cè)重指水位、價(jià)位）；
the sun rises in the east and sets in the west 太陽(yáng)東升西落。
arise vi. 升起，升高，出現(xiàn)，發(fā)生（經(jīng)常與抽象名詞聯(lián)用）。
69. A completely new situation will _B_ when the examination system comes into existence.
A arise B rise C raise D arouse
33. Last year the advertising rate _D_ by 20 percent.
A raised B aroused C arose D rose
58. He made such a _D_ contribution to the university that they are naming one of the new buildings after him.
A genuine B minimum C modest D generous
name after 以…的名字來(lái)命名。genuine adj. 真正的，貨真價(jià)實(shí)的； genuine leather 真皮；
minimum adj. 最低的，最小的； modest adj. 謙虛謹(jǐn)慎的，適度的；
generous adj. 慷慨的，慷慨大方的（修飾貢獻(xiàn)等用這個(gè)）。
59. Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others, _D_, of course, made the others jealous.
A who B that C what D which
which在這里是引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，which引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句有2個(gè)特點(diǎn)：
1. which前面有逗號(hào)與其他句子分開(kāi)。 2. which指的是前面整句話的內(nèi)容。
as也可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，指的都是一句話的內(nèi)容。
which指一句話的內(nèi)容只能置于該句之后，而as既可以在后也可以在前。
67. _C_ is known to the world, Mark Twain is great American writer.
A That B Which C As D It
60. In the advanced course students must take performance tests at monthly _B_.
A gaps B intervals C length D distance
interval n. 間隔（即可指空間間隔，也可指時(shí)間間隔），四級(jí)考試中�？紩r(shí)間間隔的概念。
interval是固定與介詞at搭配的。
23. Students or teachers can participate in excursions to lovely beaches around the island at regular _D_.
A gaps B rate C length D intervals
at regular rate 以規(guī)則的速度； at regular interval 以規(guī)則的時(shí)間間隔；
61. Mr. Johnson preferred _A_ heavier work to do.
A to be given B to be giving C to have given D having given
64. Our company decided to _D_ the contract because a number of the conditions in it had not been met.
A destroy B resist C assume D cancel
65. She is _C_ a musician than her brother.
A much of B much as C more of D more as
be of 具有某種性質(zhì)、品質(zhì)或特點(diǎn)；
66. Having been found guilty, the man was given a severe _B_ by the judge.
A service B sentence C crime D crisis
sentence n. 判決，判刑； crisis n. 危機(jī)； economic crisis 經(jīng)濟(jì)危機(jī)；
68. The residents, _C_ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.
A all their homes B all whose homes C all of whose homes D all of their homes
當(dāng)給出了句子的主語(yǔ)，且后面有兩部分謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，這兩部分謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之間又沒(méi)有連接詞，
時(shí)態(tài)也不同時(shí)，離主語(yǔ)近的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)為從句的組合成分。
69. You can't afford to let the situation get worse. You must take _D_ to put it right.
A decisions B directions C sides D steps
take steps 采取措施，采取行動(dòng)； take measures 采取措施；
70. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I _B_ your advice.
A follow B had followed C would follow D have followed
if only 如果，要是...就好了，其后面的句子一定要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
1. 如果if only后面的句子表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的事實(shí)相反，這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)體現(xiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
2. 如果if only后面的句子表示與過(guò)去的事實(shí)相反，這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用過(guò)去完成時(shí)體現(xiàn)虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
47. If only the committee _D_ the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible
A approve B will approve C can approve D would approve
如果if only后面的句子表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)?lái)的事實(shí)相反，這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般過(guò)去時(shí)，
也可以用would + 動(dòng)詞原形。
-------------------------1995-06-------------------------
42. Mark often attempts to escape _C_ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
A having been fined B to have been fined C being fined B to be fined
escape + 動(dòng)名詞。
44. It is recommended that the project _A_ until all the preparations have been made.
A not be started B will not be started C is not started D is not to be started
recommend vt. 推薦，建議，后面加句子要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式：(should) + 動(dòng)詞原形
45. I wish I _D_ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.
A have slept B slept C might have slept D could have slept
wish 后面的句子要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與過(guò)去事實(shí)相反用：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 + have + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。
might經(jīng)常被翻譯成或許。
46. We didn't know his telephone number, otherwise we _D_ him.
A had telephoned B must have telephoned
C would telephone D would have telephoned
otherwise, or等表示“否則”的詞，后面句子都要用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。
48. While people may refer to television for up-to-minute news [最新的消息], it is unlikely that television _A_ the newspaper completely.
A will replace B have replaced C replace D replaced
49. An Olympic Marathon [馬拉松] is 26 miles and 385 yards, approximately [大約] _B_ from Marathon to Athens [雅典].
A distance B the distance C is the distance D the distance is
50. You will want two trees about ten feet apart, from _D_ to suspend your tent.
A there B them C where D which
介詞 + which + 動(dòng)詞不定式(to do sth.) 整體做定語(yǔ)。
本句可改寫為：You will want two tress about ten feet apart, to suspend your tent from.
只要見(jiàn)到有介詞出現(xiàn)在空格之前，而選項(xiàng)中有which, them, there, where等詞則應(yīng)選which。
51. As I was just getting familiar with this job, I had _C_ to ask my boss.
A many B most C much D more
當(dāng)many沒(méi)有修飾任何其他詞而單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)時(shí)表示很多人。 much在這里相當(dāng)于many things。
52. _A_ quite recently, most mothers in
A Until B Before C From D Since
until recently 直到最近； not surprisingly 一點(diǎn)也不奇怪。
53. The survival of civilization as we know it is _C_ threat.
A within B towards C under D upon
under threat 受到威脅。
55. In some countries, _D_ is called "equality" [平等] does not really mean equal rights for all people.
A which B one C that D what
that可以引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句，但只做引導(dǎo)詞而不充當(dāng)任何成分。
56. I walked too much yesterday and _A_ are still aching now.
A my leg muscles B my muscles of leg C my leg's muscles D my muscles of the leg
英語(yǔ)中一個(gè)名詞修飾另外一個(gè)名詞時(shí)第一個(gè)名詞要用單數(shù)。 apple trees, eye drops
57. Radio, television and press _B_ of conveying news and information.
A are the most three common means B are the three most common means
C are the most common three means D are three the most common means
幾個(gè)詞修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí)修飾詞的順序應(yīng)為：1. 定冠詞the應(yīng)該放在最前面（離名詞最遠(yuǎn)）的位置；
2. 數(shù)詞應(yīng)放在第二位；3. 最后考慮其他形容詞。
| 北京 | 天津 | 上海 | 江蘇 | 山東 |
| 安徽 | 浙江 | 江西 | 福建 | 深圳 |
| 廣東 | 河北 | 湖南 | 廣西 | 河南 |
| 海南 | 湖北 | 四川 | 重慶 | 云南 |
| 貴州 | 西藏 | 新疆 | 陜西 | 山西 |
| 寧夏 | 甘肅 | 青海 | 遼寧 | 吉林 |
| 黑龍江 | 內(nèi)蒙古 |
