2013中小學(xué)英語教師招聘基礎(chǔ)知識復(fù)習(xí)資料2

　　第一篇 詞法

　　二、 冠詞

　　(一) 知識概要

　　冠詞在英語中只有3個詞，分為兩類：不定冠詞a與an，定冠詞the。 a用在以輔音開始的單數(shù)名詞前，an用于以元音開始的單詞前。不定冠詞用來表示一類事物中泛指的某一事物，而定冠詞則用于特指的某一個或某些事物，可用于不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)及可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)前。

　　(二) 正誤辨析

　　[誤]This building is an university.

　　[正]This building is a university.

　　[析]a用于以輔音音素開始的單詞前，而an用于以元音音素開始的單詞前，而不是元音字母開頭的單詞前。university的第一個音素是[j]，所以 用a而不要用an。又如：There is a “n” in the word.是錯句，應(yīng)為：There is an “n”in the word.因字母n的發(fā)音的第一個音素是元音。要注意的還有hour因其第一個字母h不發(fā)音，所以應(yīng)該用an hour。例如：

　　I need an hour to finish the work.

　　It is a useful dictionary.

　　It is a European country.

　　I bought a used car.

　　[誤]I need a umbrella because it looks like raining.

　　[正]I need an umbrella because it looks like raining.

　　[析]因umbrella的第一個音素是元音，所以應(yīng)用an.常用的情況有：an old man, an English teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy…。

　　[誤]“Can you help me” “Sorry, I'm in hurry.”

　　[正]“Can you help me” “Sorry. I'm in a hurry.”

　　[析]不定冠詞的主要用法如下：

　　1. 用來表示一類人或事物，如：She is a teacher.

　　2. 指某一類人或事物中的一個，如：An elephant is bigger than a horse.

　　3. 泛指某一人或事物，如：A man is waiting for you at the school gate.

　　4. 相當(dāng)于“one”的概念，如：I just bought a new dictionary.

　　5. 其主要的難點(diǎn)是用在固定詞組中：

　　如：have a walk/a rest /a look

　　又如：in a hurry 匆匆忙忙

　　make a face 作鬼臉

　　do somebody a favour 幫某人忙

　　a number of =many

　　又如：have a good time (玩得好)

　　have a cold (感冒)

　　have a headache (頭痛)

　　have a break=have a rest

　　[誤]I bought the dictionary yesterday. A dictionary is very good.

　　[正]I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is very good.

　　[析]在文章中第一次提到某物時用不定冠詞，而第二次提到時用定冠詞。

　　[誤]Please turn off lights before you leave.

　　[正]Please turn off the lights before you leave.

　　[析]雖然是第一次提到某物但說話雙方均知其所指，也應(yīng)用定冠詞。

　　[誤]There are nine planets around a sun.

　　[正]There are nine planets around the sun.

　　[析]世上獨(dú)一無二的天體等名詞前應(yīng)加定冠詞，如：the earth, the moon, the sun, the sky, the sea.

　　[誤]I live on a second floor of this building.

　　[正]I live on the second floor of this building.

　　[析]在序數(shù)詞，形容詞最高級前要用定冠詞。如：He is the oldest in the family.

　　[誤]I want to learn the second language this term.

　　[正]I want to learn a second language this term.

　　[析]在序數(shù)詞的含意不是順序中的第一第二，而其意在于再學(xué)一個，再來一個時，應(yīng)用a，本句的意思應(yīng)為：這學(xué)期我要學(xué)一門第二外語。

　　[誤]Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.

　　[正]The Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.

　　[析]在河流名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞，如：the Yellow River(黃河)。

　　[誤]Look, there are Alp.

　　[誤]Look, there are the Alp.

　　[正]Look, there are the Alps.

　　[析]具體的某一座山不加定冠詞，如：Mountain Tai.但在山名稱前加定冠詞后，其山名要加s，來表示山脈。the Alps即為阿爾卑斯山脈。如:The Alps are in the center of Europe.

　　[誤]Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.

　　[正]The Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.

　　[析]報刊名稱前應(yīng)加定冠詞。

　　[誤]Rich are not always happy.

　　[正]The rich are not always happy.

　　[析]在形容詞前加定冠詞表示一類人，而在姓的前面加定冠詞，姓后加s表示某一家，如：The turners are going to move to New York.

　　[誤]I like to eat bread for breakfast. Bread sells in this shop is very good.

　　[正]I like to eat bread for breakfast. The bread sells in this shop is very good.

　　[析]物質(zhì)名詞特指時也應(yīng)加定冠詞。

　　[誤]The sun rises in east.

　　[正]The sun rises in the east.

　　[析]在方向、方位前應(yīng)用定冠詞，如：in the east, in the west, in the north, in the south, in the direction 及in the past, in the future

　　[誤]Do you know who invented telephone

　　[正]Do you know who invented the telephone

　　[析]在特定和專有事物或名稱前要加定冠詞，

　　如：the English Channel 英吉利海峽

　　the Panama Canal 巴拿馬運(yùn)河

　　the Suez Canal 蘇伊士運(yùn)河

　　[誤]Would you please buy some food for the supper

　　[正]Would you please buy some food for supper

　　[析]泛指一日三餐前無定冠詞。

　　[誤]I like to climb the mountain in the autumn.

　　[正]I like to climb the mountain in autumn.

　　[析]一年四季前不用定冠詞，如：Spring is the best season in a year.

　　[誤]Sometimes my parents come to school to see me.

　　[正]Sometimes my parents come to the school to see me.

　　[析]有些名詞被用作其本身原來所含目的時不加冠詞，如：go to school上學(xué)，leave school(輟學(xué))，after school(放學(xué))，但如果當(dāng)建筑物講時應(yīng)加冠詞，如例句中其父母來校不是上學(xué)，而是看望孩子，則要加定冠詞。又如，He was in hospital for two days.(他在醫(yī)院住院兩天了。)而：He went to the hospital to see his mother.他去醫(yī)院看望他的母親。

　　[誤]I bought a same dictionary as she bought.

　　[正]I bought the same dictionary as she bought.

　　[析]在慣用法the same, the only, the very前的定冠詞不可換為不定冠詞。

　　[誤]The police caught the thief by his arm.

　　[正]The police caught the thief by the arm.

　　[析]這是英文表達(dá)法與中文的明顯不同之處，也是初學(xué)者極易忽視之處。在英語中的某些動詞，如：catch(抓)，take(拿)，strike (打),pat(拍)，hit(擊)，hold(握)，pull(拉)…動詞后應(yīng)加人，再加介詞on, by, in, with…之后要加定冠詞，再加人體的某一部位。這時的定冠詞千萬不要換作his, her, their, 等詞。

　　[誤]He was paid by hour.

　　[正]He was paid by the hour.

　　[析]by和計量單位之間要有定冠詞。這句話應(yīng)譯為：他的工資是按小時計算的。

　　[誤]I went to New York by his car.

　　[正]I went to New York by car.

　　[正]I went to New York in his car.

　　[析]by僅僅與交通工具相連表示應(yīng)用某種工具，而加了別的修飾詞后其前面的介詞也應(yīng)作相應(yīng)的轉(zhuǎn)換。如：by car (坐小汽車)by taxi (坐出租車)by bike (騎自行車)by water (乘船)by air (乘飛機(jī))by sea (乘船)

　　[誤]Mary began to learn how to play piano when she was three.

　　[正]Mary began to learn how to play the piano when she was three.

　　[析]在樂器前要加定冠詞，而在球類游戲之前則不要加冠詞，如：They like to play bridge when they are free. (他們空閑時愛打橋牌)

　　[誤]The little boy wanted to go to cinema.

　　[正]The little boy wanted to go to the cinema.

　　[析]英語中雖有一些名詞與go to連用時不加定冠詞，以表示該名詞的內(nèi)涵，如：go to school (上學(xué))，go to bed(睡覺)等，但去看電影則例外，要用go to the cinema.這也是語言的一個特點(diǎn)。

　　[誤]I live at 105 the Lake street.

　　[正]I live at 105 Lake Street.

　　[析]街道名稱前不用冠詞。

　　[誤]Next summer holiday I will go to country to live on a farm.

　　[正]Next summer holiday I will go to the country to live on a farm.

　　[析]country既作國家講也作鄉(xiāng)村講。作鄉(xiāng)村講時，一定要加定冠詞，而且只有單數(shù)形式，作國家講時則可有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：Japan is a country .Japan, China, India are Asian countries.

　　[誤]The picture looks better at the distance.

　　[正]The picture looks better at a distance.

　　[析]at a distance意為“離開一定距離”。而in the distance為“遠(yuǎn)方，遠(yuǎn)處”。這樣常用的詞組有：

　　as a rule (照例)

　　in a hurry (匆忙)

　　in the morning/afternoon (上/下午)

　　in the sun (在陽光下)

　　in the rain (雨中)

　　in the same way (同樣)

　　in the shade (在陰涼處)

　　in the day time (白天)

　　in the end (最終)

　　on the other hand (換句話說)

　　on the contrary (相反)

　　[誤]The little boy and girl walk along the street a hand in a hand.

　　[正]The little boy and girl walk along the street hand in hand.

　　[析]這是英語中的習(xí)慣用法，如：

　　bit by bit (逐漸)

　　day after (by) day (一天又一天)

　　day and night (日日夜夜)

　　face to face (面對面)

　　from A to Z (自始至終)

　　from time to time (再三)

　　hand in hand (手拉手)

　　shoulder by shoulder (肩并肩)

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