b)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)還常常和一般過去時(shí)配合使用。此時(shí),過去進(jìn)行時(shí)通常表示一個(gè)歷時(shí)較長的體現(xiàn)背景的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);而一般過去時(shí)表示此背景下發(fā)生的短暫的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
如:I cut my finger when I was cooking the dinner last night.昨晚做飯時(shí)我割了手指。
I was watching TV when the phone rang.我當(dāng)時(shí)正在看電視,這時(shí)電話響了。
比較下面兩個(gè)句子:
I was telephoning Harry when she arrived.(在我打電話過程中,她到了。先telephone,后arrive)
I telephoned Harry when she arrived.(她回來之后我才打電話,先arrive, 后telephone.)
c)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)表示過去將來的動(dòng)作。
如:He didn't know whether she was coming.他不知道她是否回來。
3.將來進(jìn)行時(shí)表示從現(xiàn)在著眼,從將來某時(shí)開始并且持續(xù)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作。其形式shall/will be doing 如:
We will be having some new subjects for the next semester. 我們下學(xué)期會(huì)學(xué)一些課程。
What will you be doing this time tomorrow? 你明天這個(gè)時(shí)候?qū)⒏墒裁?
一、表示完成動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài):現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、將來完成時(shí)
1.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí): have(has) done.
1)表示從現(xiàn)在之前(即過去)開始發(fā)生并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。
這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特點(diǎn):1)謂語動(dòng)詞一般為延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞。
2)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去,但是這一動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,而且還可能繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。
3)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語通常是表示“一段時(shí)間”的時(shí)間狀語,以說明某個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久。
如:I have lived there for three years.我已經(jīng)住在那里三年了。
She has taught in the school since I came here.自從我來到這里她就在學(xué)校里教書。
與這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)搭配的時(shí)間狀語如下:
a.) since+時(shí)間點(diǎn)
如:I have worked in this company since 1998.自從1998年我就在這家公司工作
b).for +時(shí)間段
如:I have worked in this company for three years.我在這家公司工作三年了。
c) “到目前為止”
until now, up until now, up to now, so far
如: We have up until now failed to take any action to decide on a common language that would further communication between nation.到目前為止,我們尚未采取任何行動(dòng)來決定一門國際通用語言,以促進(jìn)國際間交流。
d) “在最近幾世紀(jì)/年/月以來”
in the past few years, over the past few years, during the last three months, through centuries等。
如:Through history man has had to accept the fact that all living things must die.自古以來,人類就必須接受這樣的事實(shí):一切生命體都會(huì)消亡。
2) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示不確定的過去發(fā)生的某一動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在仍有影響。謂語動(dòng)詞一般為短暫性動(dòng)詞。
如: He has broken his leg.他的腿跌斷了。(言外之意就是他可能現(xiàn)在不能和別的同學(xué)一樣出去郊游)
注:a)這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的動(dòng)詞是短暫性動(dòng)詞,如:come, go , leave , kill, die, lose, buy, start等,因此與他們連用的時(shí)間狀語不能是指“一段時(shí)間”的。
如:不可以說:He has left his hometown for three years.
可以改為:He left his hometown three years ago.
It is three years since he left his hometown.
He has been away from his hometown for three years.
b)這種完成時(shí)可以不和任何時(shí)間狀語連用,也可以和一些表示不確定的時(shí)間狀語連用。如:already, yet, lately, just, never等。
如:Has it stopped raining yet?雨停了嗎?
He has already arrived.他已經(jīng)到了。
c)這種現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)經(jīng)常用來表示最近發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,提供最新消息,具有新聞性質(zhì)。
如:The president has been assassinated.總統(tǒng)被暗殺了。
3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示到目前為止的一個(gè)時(shí)間段內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
如:We have taken three tests so far this week.我們目前這周已經(jīng)考過三次試了。(重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作)
4)其他使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的結(jié)構(gòu)
a) this/that/it is +序數(shù)詞+名詞+that +現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
如: It is the first time that I have come to Beijing.這是我第一次來北京。
b)this/that /it is +最高級或only修飾名詞+現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
如:This is the best wine I have ever drunk.這是我喝過的最好的葡萄酒。
This is the only book he has written. 這是他寫過的唯一的一本書。
現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)總是與現(xiàn)在有著密切的聯(lián)系:或是表示到現(xiàn)在為止這一段時(shí)間的“一直在持續(xù)”或“重復(fù)發(fā)生”的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài);或是表示影響現(xiàn)狀的事件。
5)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的對比
a)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)都表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài),但是當(dāng)我們強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對現(xiàn)在仍有重要影響時(shí)就要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
如:He has broken his leg.他的腿摔斷了。(表明現(xiàn)在不能和同學(xué)們一起郊游)
He broke his leg. 他的腿摔斷了。(指表明過去的一種經(jīng)歷,但現(xiàn)在腿好了)
b)用于延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別:
如:I have smoked for two years.(我有兩年的煙齡了)
I smoked for two years.(我抽過兩年的煙,但現(xiàn)在戒了)
He has been in the army for 6 years.(他入伍以來已經(jīng)6年了)
He was in the army for 6 years.(他當(dāng)過6年的兵,現(xiàn)在不是了)
2.過去完成時(shí):had done
1)表示開始在過去之前(即過去的過去)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在過去這一時(shí)刻仍在繼續(xù)。
如:I had stayed in America for two years when he moved here.當(dāng)他到這里的時(shí)候我已經(jīng)在美國住了兩年了。(moved是過去的動(dòng)作,stayed 發(fā)生在moved之前,即過去的過去。在moved 之后還將會(huì)繼續(xù)stayed)
I had learned 1000 words by the end of last year.截止到去年年底我已經(jīng)學(xué)了1000個(gè)單詞了。(learned在過去時(shí)間the end of last year之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生,到去年年底之后還可能繼續(xù))
2)表示開始于過去之前的動(dòng)作到過去這一時(shí)刻之前即已停止。并沒有持續(xù)到這一過去時(shí)刻。這時(shí)的過去完成時(shí)的動(dòng)作通常是短暫動(dòng)作。
如:She had made everything ready before I came.在我來之前她已經(jīng)做好了準(zhǔn)備。(made everything ready這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生在came之前,并且已經(jīng)結(jié)束。)
3)表示過去之前開始的動(dòng)作,在過去之前的一段時(shí)間里重復(fù)發(fā)生。
如:I had written her 100 letters when she finally promised to marry me.在她最后答應(yīng)嫁給我之前我已經(jīng)給她寫了100信了。(promised發(fā)生在過去,而had written 則是過去時(shí)間里重復(fù)發(fā)生的事情)
4)過去完成時(shí)的其他用法:
intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, think, expect等動(dòng)詞的過去完成時(shí)可以表示過去未能實(shí)現(xiàn)的計(jì)劃、設(shè)想、意圖或希望等。
如:I had intended to see you, but I was busy.我本來打算去看你但是我很忙。
They had hoped to see you off at the airport, but they got there too late.他們本來希望到機(jī)場送你,但是他們?nèi)ネ砹恕?/P>
過去完成時(shí)用于對過去事實(shí)進(jìn)行虛擬的條件句中。
如:If you had been at the party, you would have met him.如果你去了晚會(huì),你就會(huì)見到他的。
3.將來完成時(shí)態(tài):shall/will have done
表示將來某時(shí)之前完成的動(dòng)作,這一動(dòng)作往往對將來某時(shí)產(chǎn)生影響。常與表將來的時(shí)間狀語或never, soon連用。
如:I shall have finished writing the article by the end of the week.
我將在本周周末前寫完這篇文章。
二、表示完成進(jìn)行的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài):現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來完成進(jìn)行時(shí)
1.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí):have/has been doing
1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的持續(xù)性,表示開始于過去的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,并且活動(dòng)還沒有結(jié)束,還將繼續(xù)持續(xù)下去。
如:It began raining at 8 o'clock. Now it is raining. It has been raining since 8 o'clock.
從8點(diǎn)開始一直在下雨。
2)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示開始于過去的動(dòng)作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在為止不再繼續(xù)或表示不久前剛剛結(jié)束的動(dòng)作。
如:I have been looking for you for the last half hour.過去的半小時(shí)我一直在找你。(不再持續(xù))
What have you been doing? 你剛才一直在做什么?(表示不久前剛結(jié)束)
3)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示說話時(shí)刻以前的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)重復(fù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。
如:We have been writing to each other for years.我們相互通信多年了。(重復(fù)發(fā)生)
2.現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的比較
1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的謂語動(dòng)詞都可以表示延續(xù)性的,并且與“一段時(shí)間”連用。如:
I have been learning English for ten years.
I have learned English for ten years.
但是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)如果不和表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,意義指的是一個(gè)完成了的動(dòng)作,F(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)既可以與一段時(shí)間狀語連用,也可不連用,同樣表達(dá)“一直持續(xù)的動(dòng)作”的含義。
如:I have worked in this company.我在這家公司做過。
I have been working in this company.我一直在這家公司工作。
2)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作過程,完成時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果
現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)所強(qiáng)調(diào)的是在一段時(shí)間內(nèi)某項(xiàng)活動(dòng)的持續(xù)性,因此強(qiáng)調(diào)的是動(dòng)作本身。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則是強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果,不是動(dòng)作本身。
如:I have been painting the house.我一直在給房子刷漆。
I have painted the house green.我把房子刷成了綠色。
3)短暫動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)不能與“一段時(shí)間”的時(shí)間狀語連用,但是短暫動(dòng)詞的完成進(jìn)行時(shí)可與“一段時(shí)間”的狀語連用。
如:I have been getting up early since I entered the college.自從上大學(xué)以來,我一直堅(jiān)持早起。
不能說:I have got up early since I entered the college.
(get up是短暫性動(dòng)詞)
用動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空:
1.He _______ (be) eighteen next year.
填will be.本句描述的是隨時(shí)間發(fā)展會(huì)自然發(fā)生的事情。
2.Mozart ________(write) more than 600 pieces of music.
填wrote.談?wù)撘压嗜说氖论E應(yīng)用過去式。
3.If it _______ (rain) tomorrow, we will have to stay at home.
填rains.條件狀語從句中,要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來發(fā)生的事情。
4.I __________(go) to the shopping center.
填am going. 動(dòng)詞go , come, arrive 等可以用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來。
5.How fast ________he __________(drive) when the accident happened.
填was…driving.表時(shí)過去某一時(shí)刻發(fā)生的動(dòng)作要用過去進(jìn)行時(shí)。
6.You _________ (always, watch) TV. You should do something more active.
填are always watching. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)和always連用表示責(zé)怪。
7.It ________ (rain) every day so far this month.
填has rained.so far 常和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)搭配使用。表示到目前為止。
8.By the time Mr.Smith left school, he_______(teach) that course for 25 years.
填had taught.表示過去的過去,用過去完成時(shí)。
9.Perhaps he ________(finish) reading the book by this time tomorrow.
填will have finished. by this time tomorrow 表示將來的短語,謂語動(dòng)詞將來完成時(shí)。
10.This is the second time that I __________ (be) to Paris.
填have been. It is the second time句型中的時(shí)態(tài) 是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
11. My uncle_____(live) in Shanghai for the past two years.
填has lived.句中for+表示時(shí)間段的狀語,時(shí)態(tài)要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。
相關(guān)鏈接:
2021自考報(bào)名方法 ※ 2021年自考報(bào)名條件 ※ 各地自考政策匯總