2010年12月大學(xué)英語四級考試常用語法精選(1)

　　Ⅰ動詞(時態(tài),語態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)

　　時態(tài)

　　1)現(xiàn)在完成進行時態(tài) (have/has been + -ing 分詞構(gòu)成): 動作或狀態(tài)從過去某時開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.

　　I’ve been writing letters for an hour.

　　I’ve been sitting in the garden.

　　2)過去完成進行時(由had been + ing分詞構(gòu)成): 過去某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作

　　I’d been working for some time when he called.

　　We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

　　3)將來完成進行時: 將來某個時刻以前一直在進行的動作.

　　By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.

　　In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.

　　4)將來完成時(由shall/will have + 過去分詞構(gòu)成): 將來某時會業(yè)已發(fā)生的事.

　　I shall have finished this one before lunch.

　　They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

　　語態(tài)

　　可以有兩種被動結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如:

　　He was said to be jealous of her success.

　　It was said that he was jealous of her success.

　　能同時適用于上述兩個句型的主動詞通常都是表示“估計”,“相信”等意義的動詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

　　It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.

　　The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

　　擔(dān)當(dāng)be supposed to 與不定式的一般形式搭配時往往表示不同的意義.例如:

　　Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)

　　雙賓語及賓補結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài)

　　雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài): 雙賓語結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,可以把主動結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z,另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z.

　　He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

　　Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.

　　賓補結(jié)構(gòu)的被動語態(tài):

　　She was called Big Sister by everybody.

　　Then he was made a squad leader.

　　He was considered quite qualified for the job.

　　The room was always kept clean and tidy.

　　短語動詞

　　Vi + adv

　　The plane took off two hours late.

　　Vi + prep

　　They looked round the Cathedral.

　　Vi + prep (有被動語態(tài))

　　She’s looking after her sister’s children.

　　The children were always well looked after.

　　Vi + adv + prep

　　I began to look forward to their visits.

　　Vt + O + adv

　　Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.

　　The children were brought up by their mother.

　　They took him on.

　　Vt + adv + O (無被動語態(tài))

　　I am trying to give up smoking.

　　Vt + O + prep

　　We talked Donald into agreement.