王長(zhǎng)喜大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試四級(jí)大課堂（第十講）

6、因果句常考

　　命題者常以文中因果句命制一些考查文中兩個(gè)事件內(nèi)在的因果關(guān)系的試題，或出些概括文意、段意試題。一般以"推理性"題型和主旨大意題型出現(xiàn)，兼顧少量其它題型。表示因果關(guān)系的詞有：because, since, for，as, therefore, consequently, result in, originate from 等。

例1. Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused . They hesitate at the thought of a criminal boasting in opera court of how…

Q：The passage is mainly about______ .

(A) why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspection.
(B) Why computer criminals are often able to escape punishment.
(C) How computer criminals manage to get good recommendations from their former employers.
(D) Why computer crimes can't be eliminated.

　　(分析：選D項(xiàng)。屬主旨大意型。文章前幾段說(shuō)到了利用計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪的人即使被抓，不僅不受懲罰，而且還會(huì)得到以前老板充滿(mǎn)熱情的推薦信。這是什么原因呢（why?）Because…作了回答。這也就是全文要告訴讀者的關(guān)于計(jì)算機(jī)犯罪清除不了的原因，故選D。)

例2 … Certainly it (telephone) has extended the scope of human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates(傳播)the useful knowledge of scientists and the nonsense of the ignorant, the affection of the affectionate and the malice(惡意)of the malicious.

Q:The author describes the telephone as impartial because it______.

(A) saves lives of people in remote places.
(B) Enables people to live alone if they want to.
(C) Spreads both love and ill will
(D) Replaces much written communication.

　　(分析：選C項(xiàng)。屬邏輯推理型題。Since引導(dǎo)的從句表明電話(huà)不偏不倚地傳播著科學(xué)家的真言，無(wú)知者的廢話(huà)，仁者之愛(ài)心，惡者之惡意。因此，從這句話(huà)我們可以推斷出電話(huà)"spreads both love and ill will"故選C)。

例3 … The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change…(見(jiàn)《分冊(cè)》P19頁(yè)例6)

Q：According to the author, the introduction of the composer is a revolution mainly because .

(A) the computer has revolutionized the working of the human mind.
(B) The computer can do the tasks that could only be done by people before.
(C) It has helped to switch to an information technology.
(D) It has a great potential impact on society.

　　(分析：選D項(xiàng)。屬邏輯推理型題。原段首句就交待了沒(méi)有什么技術(shù)發(fā)展比計(jì)算機(jī)革命對(duì)我們生活產(chǎn)生的影響要大。然后指出工業(yè)革命之所以是一切革命在于它導(dǎo)致了巨大的社會(huì)變化。由此可以推斷，計(jì)算機(jī)的誕生之所以是一場(chǎng)革命主要是D項(xiàng)：it has a great potential impact on society.)

7、特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)后內(nèi)容�？�

　　由于特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)后內(nèi)容是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步解釋和說(shuō)明，因此命題者常以標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)后的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行提問(wèn)。具體說(shuō)，特殊標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)包括：(1)破折號(hào)(表解釋)；(2)括號(hào)(表解釋)；(3)冒號(hào)(表解釋)；(4)引號(hào)(表引用)。題型一般有推理題，主旨大意題，細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題等。

例1. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses there may be a sort of trefoil jam of words caused by interruption, false, and unpredictable pauses.

Q：To keep a conversation flowing smoothing, it is better for the participants ______ .

(A) out to wear dark spectacles
(B) not to make any interruptions
(C) not to glance away
(D) not to make unpredictable pauses.

　　(分析：選A。屬辨認(rèn)細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題型，冒號(hào)前一句話(huà)意思是當(dāng)兩個(gè)說(shuō)話(huà)者戴墨鏡進(jìn)行交談時(shí)，談話(huà)的流利性就會(huì)受影響。冒號(hào)后一句話(huà)進(jìn)一步解釋了會(huì)有哪些影響，即會(huì)有一些停頓或錯(cuò)誤表達(dá)，或隨便插話(huà)。答案B、D項(xiàng)是結(jié)果，不是條件，C項(xiàng)短文沒(méi)提，故選A。)

例2．… She adds:"Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they've gotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down (使…不突出)their visibility. "Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.

Q：The best title for this passage would be ______ .

(A) pole of women and Minorities in Management
(B) The Importance of Being Visible
(C) Job Performance and Advancement
(D) Sex and Career Success

　　(分析：選B項(xiàng)，屬主旨大意題型。冒號(hào)前面的內(nèi)容講的是女人和黑人常因自己的膚色和性別而畏首畏腳，不愿張揚(yáng)自己，這樣很難得到老板提拔。冒號(hào)后內(nèi)容即建議他們要象白人一樣善于突出自己并引人注意。此即全篇文章主旨，故選B項(xiàng)。)

例3．… Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Lab our is simply another factor of production to be hired - rented at the lowest possible cost - much as one buys raw materials or equipment.

Q：Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?

(A) They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.
(B) They see the gaining of skills as their employees' own business.
(C) They attach more importance to workers than equipment.
(D) They only hired skilled workers because of keep competition.

　　(分析：選B項(xiàng)，屬歸納事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。文章主要意思講美國(guó)大公司忽視人力資源管理。帶破折號(hào)的句子是進(jìn)一步解釋?zhuān)�闡述這一主旨，強(qiáng)調(diào)勞動(dòng)力僅被視為生產(chǎn)的最廉價(jià)因素--就象去買(mǎi)原料或裝置一樣。我們由此歸納，總結(jié)出美國(guó)公司把員工技能的培養(yǎng)看作員工自己的事。

例4："Alternative fuels such as natural gas, burned in internal-Combustion engines, could be introduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginal reductions in pollution and greenhorns emissions (especially because oil companies are already spending billions of dollars every year to develop less of polluting types of gasoline).

Q：Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

(A)The decline of public transportation accounts for increased…
(B)cars are popular in western Europe even though fuel prices …
(C)The reduction of vehicle use is the only sustainable option…
(D)Western European oil companies cannot sustain the cost of developing new-type fuels.
　　(分析選B項(xiàng) 屬推理題。此題雖需通閱全文才能做出。但命題者針對(duì)小括號(hào)內(nèi)內(nèi)容出了一干擾項(xiàng)D項(xiàng)。D項(xiàng)內(nèi)容與文中小括號(hào)內(nèi)容是有出入的，故錯(cuò)。)

　　注：至引號(hào)處的考點(diǎn)，前面引用處常考一項(xiàng)已分析過(guò)。

8、段首，段尾句�？�

　　在短文中第一段首句或末段末句往往是文章中心思想的表達(dá)處；有時(shí)某一段的段首，段尾句是該段的主題句。因此，命題者常在這些地方出題。題型基本上屬主旨大意型。

例1．The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has conviced many of the worlds great writers. Before considering this question, … (見(jiàn)《分冊(cè)》P69頁(yè)例子)
Q：The passage is probably intended to answer the question _____ .
(A) Is war inevitable?
(B) why is there conflict and competition?
(C) Is conflict desirable?
(D) Can competition lead to conflict?

　　(分析：選A。屬段首主旨大意型。文章開(kāi)頭一句話(huà)即點(diǎn)明了文章中心思想，下面內(nèi)容均圍繞這一思想展開(kāi)的。)

例2．…"They think that if you work hard, …"She adds, Most women and blacks … because of their sex or color that play down (使…不突出)their visibility."Her advice to those folk . Learn the ways that white males have traditionally used to find their way into the spotlight." (見(jiàn)《分冊(cè)》P74頁(yè)例8)

Q：The best title for this passage would be _________ .

(A) Role of women and Minorities in Management.
(B) The Importance of Being Visible
(C) Job Performance and Advancement
(D) Sex and Career Success.

　　(分析：選B項(xiàng)，屬段尾主旨大意型。文章開(kāi)頭就指出女人和黑人加入管理階層之后，出現(xiàn)了一些新的觀點(diǎn)。文中又介紹了Coleman觀點(diǎn)及Kaleel Jamision 的評(píng)論，最后通過(guò)Kaleel Jamision的建議才點(diǎn)出文章中心意思。)

例3．It is natural for yours people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them for most of the misunderstands between them. They have always complained, more or less justly, that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominate; that they do not trust their children to deal with crisis; that they talk too much about certain problems --and that they have no sense of humor, at least in parent-child relationships.

Q：The first paragraph is mainly about ________.

(A) the teenager's criticism of their parents.
(B) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parents.
(C) the dominance of the parents over their children.
(D) the teenagers' ability to deal with crisis.

　　(分析：選12項(xiàng)。屬某一段落段首主旨大意型。此段第一句就指出年輕人批評(píng)其父母，認(rèn)為他們的父母對(duì)他們之間的誤解負(fù)責(zé)，這是很正常的事。然后用五個(gè)that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句來(lái)闡述他們對(duì)父母不滿(mǎn)的原因。段落結(jié)構(gòu)一目了然，故知首句是中心思想。)

例4：… These definition are necessary because it is important to emphasize that competition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, but conflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably and essential and desirable element of human societies.

Q：In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to _______ .
(A)argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societies
(B) smooth out the conflicts in human societies.
(C) distinguish between two kinds of opposition.
(D) summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation.

　　(分析：選C項(xiàng)。屬某一段段尾主旨大意型。文章此段給出了conflict (矛盾)和competition (競(jìng)爭(zhēng))的定義，然后進(jìn)一步闡述了兩種對(duì)抗(opposition)在很多情況下的不同。作者最后兩句又強(qiáng)調(diào)了"These definitions are necessary because …"。很明顯作者是想通過(guò)定義這兩個(gè)詞從而區(qū)分這兩種對(duì)抗。

　　以上分析，基本上概括了歷屆四六級(jí)考試閱讀理解題考點(diǎn)常考處及其對(duì)應(yīng)題型�？忌�掌握了這些規(guī)律，在讀文章時(shí)，就要在這些考點(diǎn)常出現(xiàn)地方作些記號(hào)。閱讀完畢，這些作記號(hào)的地方基本上就是出題的地方。然后再對(duì)照后面的題目，一一找到相對(duì)應(yīng)的考點(diǎn)，再細(xì)細(xì)分、做題。這樣就避免做一題，看一下整個(gè)段落，甚至全文，從而節(jié)省了時(shí)間。至于各種題型的特點(diǎn)及應(yīng)試技巧，請(qǐng)參閱大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)90分突破《閱讀與簡(jiǎn)答》(王長(zhǎng)喜主編，學(xué)苑出版社)。