王長(zhǎng)喜大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試四級(jí)大課堂（第十講）

    大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試閱讀理解部分是眾多考生最為擔(dān)心的部分。此部分得分高低，對(duì)整個(gè)考試的成功與否起著決定性作用。閱讀理解不僅考查學(xué)生的詞匯量、語(yǔ)法知識(shí)、閱讀速度等基本功，而且還考查學(xué)生判斷、推理、歸納、總結(jié)等綜合能力。閱讀理解題雖說對(duì)考生要求較高，但我們?cè)谏钊胙芯繗v屆四六級(jí)閱讀理解真題后發(fā)現(xiàn)，閱讀理解的命題考點(diǎn)和測(cè)試題型均有一定的內(nèi)在規(guī)律�？忌�只要基本功尚可，然后掌握了這些規(guī)律，其應(yīng)試技巧必將大大提高，從而在眾多強(qiáng)手中脫穎而出。

命題考點(diǎn)規(guī)律及其對(duì)應(yīng)題型

　　分析研究英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試閱讀理解歷屆考題，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)命題者命制的考點(diǎn)是有一定規(guī)律的，且考點(diǎn)規(guī)律常與某種題型（主旨題、細(xì)節(jié)題、邏輯題、觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題、詞義題）相對(duì)應(yīng)。如果考生掌握了這些規(guī)律，就能在第一遍快速閱讀短文時(shí)，敏銳地捕捉到考點(diǎn)并能預(yù)測(cè)可能會(huì)出的題型�？忌�此時(shí)應(yīng)用筆在這些可能會(huì)出題的考點(diǎn)輕輕劃上記號(hào)，等看完短文開始做題時(shí)，針對(duì)題干的提問，迅速找到做記號(hào)的考點(diǎn)，再仔細(xì)分析、答題。這樣，考生就能節(jié)省不少時(shí)間，從而避免開始做題時(shí)又要通閱全文盲目找考點(diǎn)。下面，我們結(jié)合歷屆四六級(jí)真題和大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考試90分突破《閱讀與簡(jiǎn)答》分冊(cè)（王長(zhǎng)喜主編，學(xué)苑出版社，以下簡(jiǎn)稱《分冊(cè)》），將這些考點(diǎn)規(guī)律及對(duì)應(yīng)題型歸納如下：

1、列舉處�？�

　　列舉處指的是First,…，second, …，Third, …等逐步列出，然后要求考生從列舉出的內(nèi)容中，選出符合題干要求的答案項(xiàng)。該考點(diǎn)常出題型是"細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題"。

例1. At third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasant pressures: firstly, as members of a police force they always have to be have absolutely in accordance with the law. Secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly do both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways.
Q: What's the policeman's biggest headache?
(A) He has to get the most desirable results without breaking the law in any way.
(B) He has to justify his arrests while unable to provide sufficient evidence in most cases.
(C) He can hardly find enough time to learn criminal law while burdened with numerous criminal cases.
(D) He has to provide the best possible public service at the least possible expense.

　　(分析：選A。屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。依據(jù)文章，與電影中的警察很不相同的是，現(xiàn)實(shí)中警察既要絕對(duì)遵守法（firstly,…）,又要及時(shí)破案（secondly,…）,這令他們很難兩頭兼顧，有時(shí)只有犯規(guī)。很明顯，B、C、D三項(xiàng)都與文章內(nèi)容不符。)

　　在做此類細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題時(shí)，只要把細(xì)節(jié)考點(diǎn)（firstly,…secondly…）找到，對(duì)照選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容，跟細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)不一致的就不是選項(xiàng)。考生只需細(xì)心一點(diǎn)都能辨清細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)，選對(duì)答案。

例2．I believe we have a three-part mission for the present．First, we must continue to press for improvements in the quality of life that people can make for themselves . Second，we mast investigate and understand the link between environment and health. Third，we must be able to communicate technical information in a form that citizens can understand.If we can accomplish these three goals in this decade，maybe we can finally stop environmental degradation, and not merely hold it back. We will then be able to spend pollution dollars truly on prevention rather than on barrages．
Q:which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?
(A)Efforts should be exerted on pollution prevention instead of on remedial measures.
(B)More money should be spent in order to stop pollution.
(C)Ordinary citizens have no access to technical information on pollution.
(D)Envionmental degradation will be stopped by the end of this
decade.

　　(分析：選A。屬事實(shí)細(xì)節(jié)題。專生只要看懂了文章內(nèi)容三個(gè)方面，很容易排除掉B、C、D三項(xiàng)。)

2、舉例子打比喻的地方�？�

　　為了使自己的觀點(diǎn)更有說服力、更加明確，作者經(jīng)常用具體的例子打比方，句中常由as, such as, for example, for instance等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)或句子作為舉例句，這些例句或比喻成為命題者提問的焦點(diǎn)�？忌�需注意的是例子或比喻一般是和文章或段落中心緊密相關(guān)的，常以"細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)性"題型和"推斷性"題型出現(xiàn)，但偏傾于"推斷性"題型。

例1. The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures. But drives can be programmed into the computer's brain just as nature programmed them into our human brains as a part of the equipment for survival.
Q：Today, computers are still inferior to man in terms of ______ .
(A) decision making (B)drives and feelings （見《分冊(cè)》P145頁(yè)）
(C)growth of reasoning (D)information absorption

　　(分析：選B項(xiàng)。這屬辯認(rèn)細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題，依據(jù)文章我們知道計(jì)算機(jī)缺少人類所具有的動(dòng)機(jī)和情感：
computers lack the drives and emotions of living creatures,至于動(dòng)機(jī)可以被編入計(jì)算機(jī)程序，那是今后的事，就目前而言計(jì)算機(jī)在動(dòng)機(jī)和情感方面不如人類。選項(xiàng)B符合題意。考生只要注意到for one thing 后面一句話，即可選出。)

例2．…. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquainting with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as reader,listeners, and viewers. Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.
Q: The passage is most like a part of 。
（A）a news article (B) a journalistic interview
(C) a research report (D) a preface

　　(分析：選D項(xiàng)。這屬判斷、推理題�？忌�在了解全文梗概之后，要正確地對(duì)文章的內(nèi)容作出判斷，考生關(guān)鍵要看懂文章最后一句話："…as this book indicates。"由此便推斷正確的答案是D項(xiàng)。)

例3 …．In spite of the case against nuclear energy outlined above, nuclear energy programs are expanding. Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrial production and consumer demands. However, it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue.…

Q：Which of the following statements does the writer support?
(A) The demand for commercial products will not necessarily keep increasing.
(B) Nuclear energy is something we cannot do without.
(C) Uranium is a good source of energy for economic and ecological reasons.
(D) Greater safety provisions can bring about the expansion of nuclear every programmes.
　　(分析：選A項(xiàng)，屬推理題，依據(jù)文中"such an expansion assumes…. However,…便可推斷出A項(xiàng)正確。)

3、引用人物論斷處�？�

　　作者為了正確表達(dá)出自己觀點(diǎn)或使論點(diǎn)更有依據(jù)，常常引用某名人的論斷或重要發(fā)現(xiàn)等。命題者常在此作文章。多以"推理性"題為主，有時(shí)也出"細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)性"題型。

例1．"There is a senseless notion that children grew up and leave home when they're 18, and the truth is far from that,"says sociologist Larry Bumpers of the University of Wisconsin….
Q: There was apparently a trend in the USA ________ .
(A) for young adults to leave their parents and live independently.
(B) For middle class young adults to stay with their parents.
(C) For married young adults to move back home after a lengthy absence.
(D) For going adults to get jobs nearby in order to live with their parents.

　　(分析：選A項(xiàng)。屬推理題。作者引用的這句話意思是："孩子長(zhǎng)到18歲時(shí)應(yīng)離開父母去獨(dú)立生活的概念是沒有道理的，而事實(shí)情況也并非如此。"而題干問：過去在美國(guó)顯然有一種什么趨勢(shì)�？忌�通過細(xì)心推斷引文，便能選中A項(xiàng)：年輕的成年人應(yīng)該離開父母而去獨(dú)立生活。)