點擊查看：2018年6月英語四級模擬試卷匯總

　　PartⅠ Writing　(答題時間30分鐘)

　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes write a composition on the topic, “The Way to Success” based on the following outlines.

　　You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

　　PartⅡ listening comprehension

　　Section A (three news reports)略

　　Section B (two long conversations)略

　　Section C (three passages)略

　　PartⅢ reading comprehension(答題時間共40分鐘)

　　Section A

　　Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one wordfor each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read thepassage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank isidentified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on AnswerSheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in thebank more than once.

　　Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.

　　Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can 　(26)　performance at work and school. Cognitive (認識派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on 　(27) 　and gifts from others.

　　The latter view has gained many supporters, 　(28)　among educators. But the careful use of small　(29)　rewards speaks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed　(30)　inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

　　"If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively 　(31)　task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to 　(32)　creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.

　　A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands our high grades for 　(33)　achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and 　(34)　failing grades.

　　In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows　(35)　in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

　　A) mental

　　B) promise

　　C) kill

　　D) avoid

　　E) hope

　　F) especially

　　G) aid

　　H) ordinary

　　I) approval

　　J) monetary

　　K) generally

　　L) improve

　　M) challenging

　　N) restore

　　O) excellent

　　sroots Remedy

　　A) Most of us spend our lives seeking the natural world. To this end, we walk the dog, play golf, go fishing, sit in the garden, drink outside rather than inside the pub, have a picnic, live in the suburbs, go to the seaside, buy a weekend place in the country. The most popular leisure activity in Britain is going for a walk. And when joggers (慢跑者) jog, they don't run the streets. Every one of the minstinctively heads to the park or the river. It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not.

　　B) But despite this, our children are growing up nature-deprived ( 喪失) , I spent my boyhood climbing trees on Stratham Common, south London. These days, children are robbed of these an cientfreedoms, due to problems like crime, traffic, the loss of the open spaces and odd new perceptions about what is best for children, that is to say, things that can be bought, rather than things that can be found.

　　C) The truth is to be found elsewhere. A study in the U.S. families had moved to better housing and　the children were assessed for ADHD -- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( 多動癥) .Those　whose accommodation had more natural views showed an improvement of 19%; those who had the　same improvement in material surroundings but no nice view improved just 4%.

　　D) A study in Sweden indicated that kindergarten children who could play in a natural environment had　less illness and greater physical ability than children used only to a normal playground. A U.S. study　suggested that when a school gave children access to a natural environment, academic levels were　raised across the entire school.

　　E) Another study found that children play differently in a natural environment. In playgrounds, children create a hierarchy (等級) based on physical abilities, with the tough ones taking the lead. But when a grassy area was planted with bushes, the children got much more into fantasy play, and the social hierarchy was now based on imagination and creativity.

　　F) Most bullying (持槍凌弱) is found in schools where there is a tarmac (柏油碎石) play ground; the least bullying is in a natural area that the children are encouraged to explore. This reminds mean pleasantly of Sunny hill School in Stratham, with its harsh tarmac, where I used to hang about incomers fantasizing about wildlife. The children are frequently discouraged from involvement with natural spaces, for health and safety reasons, for fear that they might get dirty or that they might cause damage. So, instead, the damage is done to the children themselves: not to their bodies but to their souls.

　　G) One of the great problems of modem childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensively treated with drugs. Yet one study after another indicates that contact with nature gives huge benefits to ADHD children. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.

　　H) The life of old people is measurably better when they have access to nature. The increasing emphasis for the growing population of old people is in quality rather than quantity of years. And study after study finds that a garden is the single most important thing in finding that quality.

　　I) In wider and more difficult areas of life, there is evidence to indicate that natural surroundingsim prove all kinds of things. Even problems with crime and aggressive behavior are reduced when there is contact with the natural world. Dr. William Bird, researcher from the Royal Society for the Protection of birds, states in his study, "A natural environment can reduce violent behavior because its restorative process helps reduce anger and impulsive behavior." Wild places need encouraging for this reason, no matter how small their contribution.

　　J) We tend to look on nature conservation as some kind of favor that human beings are granting to the natural world. The error here is far too deep: not only do humans need nature for themselves, but the very idea that humanity and the natural world are separable things is profoundly damaging. Human beings are a species of mammals (哺乳動物) . For seven million years they lived on the planet as part of nature. Our ancestral selves miss the natural world and long for contact with nonhuman life. Anyone who has patted a dog, stoked a cat, sat under a tree with a pint of beer, given or received a bunch of flowers or chosen to walk through the park on a nice day, understands that. We need the wild world. It is essential to our well-being, our health, our happiness. Without the wild world we are not more but less civilized. Without other living things around us we are less than human.

　　K) Five Ways to Find Harmony with the Natural World Walk: Break the rhythm of permanently being under a roof. Get off a stop earlier, make a circuit of the park at lunchtime, walk the child to and from school, get a dog, feel yourself moving in moving air, look, listen, absorb.

　　Sit: Take a moment, every now and then, to be still in an open space. In the garden, anywhere that's not in the office, anywhere out of the house, away from the routine. Sit under a tree, look at water, feel refreshed, ever so slightly renewed.

　　Drink: The best way to enjoy the natural world is by oneself; the second best way is in company. Take a drink outside with a good person, a good gathering: talk with the sun and the wind with bird-song for background.

　　Learn: Expand your boundaries. Leam five species of bird, five butterflies, five trees, five bird songs. That way, you see and hear more: and your mind responds gratefully to the greater amount of wildness in your life.

　　Travel: The places you always wanted to visit: by the seaside, in the country, in the hills. Take a week-end break, a day-trip, get out these and do it: for the scenery, for the way through the woods, for the birds, for the bees. Go somewhere special and bring specialness home. It lasts forever, after all.

　　36. The study in Sweden shows that more access to nature makes children less likely to fall ill.

　　37. The author's profound belief is that people instinctively seek nature in different ways.

　　38. It can be very helpful to provide more green spaces for children with ADHD.

　　39. Elderly people will enjoy a life of better quality when they contact more with nature.

　　40. Nowadays, people think things that can be bought are best for children, rather than things that can be found.

　　41. Dr. William Bird suggests in his study that access to nature contributes to the reduction of violence.

　　42. According to a study in the U. S. Children with ADHD whose accommodation had more natural　views showed much better improvement.

　　43. Children who have chances to explore natural areas are less likely to be involved in bullying.

　　44. We can find harmony with the natural world in various ways, among which there are walking,　sitting, drinking, learning and traveling.

　　45. It is extremely harmful to think that humanity and the natural world can be separated.

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