13. Instead, the studies ended up giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very act of being experimented upon changes subjects' behavior.

　　14. Accoding to accounts of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increasd, but also it was dimmed.

　　15. An awareness that they were being experimentedupon seemed to be enough to alter workers'sbehavior by itself.

　　16. Contrary to the description on record, nosystematic evidence was found that levels of productivity were related to changes inlighting.

　　17. It turns out that peculiar way of conducting theexperiments may have led to misleadinginterpretations of what happened.

　　18. When work started again on Monday, output duly rose compared with the Saturday andcontinued to rise for the next couple of days.

　　19. However, a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no experimentation showed that outputalways went upon Monday.

　　20. This suggests that dimmer bulbs burn longer, that there is an advantage in not being toobright.

　　21. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slowoff the starting line it depends on learning-a gradualprocess-instead of instinct.

　　22. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned iswhen to stop.

　　23. Instead of casting a wistful glance backward atall the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, itimplicitly asks what the real costs of our ownintelligencies might be.

　　24. Research on animal intelligence also makes us wonder what experiments animals wouldperform on humans if they had the chance.

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