48. 【解析】這句話(huà)結(jié)構(gòu)主要在于對(duì)三個(gè)“what”從句的理解。本題是三個(gè)what引導(dǎo)的從句第一個(gè)是what引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，做filter out 的賓語(yǔ)。第二個(gè)what是介詞from的賓語(yǔ)，from 是固定搭配中的介詞filter out A from B。第三個(gè)what是understand的賓語(yǔ)，和how并列

　　1)句子主干可以看做：To filter out A from B enables us to understand C and D

　　A指的是“what is contingent and unique”

　　B指的是“what is shared” how complex cultural behaviour arose”

　　C指的是“how complex cultural behaviour arose”

　　D指的是“what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms”

　　2)Filter out詞組本意是濾掉，。這個(gè)單詞可能有同學(xué)會(huì)不熟悉，但是如果對(duì)本句結(jié)構(gòu)理解清楚，看到from這個(gè)介詞，加之對(duì)前文大意的理解，我們可以猜出這個(gè)詞的意思，或者理解為“區(qū)分”等也不影響全句的理解。以避免我們有的同學(xué)看到第一個(gè)單詞不認(rèn)識(shí)立馬生出的膽怯情緒，影響下文判斷。

　　【參考譯文】把差異性和獨(dú)特性從共性中過(guò)濾出來(lái)也許能讓我們理解復(fù)雜的文化行為是如何產(chǎn)生的，是什么從進(jìn)化或認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域指導(dǎo)著它。

　　49. 【解析】本句結(jié)構(gòu)比較明朗，關(guān)鍵是句子前部分單獨(dú)很難理解，需要結(jié)合前文。這也恰恰說(shuō)明了考研英語(yǔ)中的翻譯首先是閱讀理解的一部分，不是單獨(dú)的翻譯而已。

　　1)這里的the second與上文的“The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky,”，所里這里應(yīng)該翻譯成“第二種理論”所以這句話(huà)需要根據(jù)上下文和邏輯解釋清楚。而不能單純的翻譯成第二。。。

　　2)對(duì)于括號(hào)內(nèi)部的處理，我們可以直接放在括號(hào)中即可。

　　【參考譯文】約書(shū)亞格林伯格為尋找語(yǔ)言的共性而付出努力提出了第二種理論。他采用了一個(gè)更實(shí)用的共性理論，做法是辨認(rèn)出眾多語(yǔ)言的共有特征(尤其是按照詞序排列)，這些特征被認(rèn)為代表了由認(rèn)知局限導(dǎo)致的偏差。

　　50. 【解析】這句話(huà)的結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，復(fù)雜的是其中大量的術(shù)語(yǔ)和不熟悉的詞匯。對(duì)于這些詞匯我們根據(jù)直譯即可。

　　本句結(jié)構(gòu)：Chomsky’s grammar should show…, whereas Greenbergian….

　　1)That引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾patterns

　　2)這里的“grammar”是指是上文的生成語(yǔ)法，所以這里可以把生成語(yǔ)法翻譯出來(lái)。

　　3)co-dependencies 這個(gè)詞需要根據(jù)上下詞義加之詞根詞綴來(lái)猜測(cè)出詞義，因?yàn)橄挛闹赋鍪莾烧哧P(guān)系，所以可以翻譯為“共存性”。

　　【參考譯文】喬姆斯基生成語(yǔ)法應(yīng)該表明語(yǔ)言變化的模式，這些模式獨(dú)立于族譜或貫穿其中的路徑，然而格林伯格的共性理論預(yù)測(cè)詞序關(guān)系的特殊類(lèi)別之間(而不是其他)有著強(qiáng)烈的共存性。

　　Section III Writing

　　51.小作文

　　【參考范文】

　　Dear international students,

　　I am the chairman of the Students’ Union. I’ve just received the emails from you and got the news that you will come to our university. Firstly, I’d like to show our warm welcome. On behalf of our university and all the students here, I really look forward to your coming.

　　In order to make all of you feel at home, here are some conductive suggestions. Firstly, you’d better take some warm clothes with you because it is winter in China now and it is very cold in Beijing. Secondly, I advise you to prepare some relevant knowledge about Chinese culture for better understanding in class.

　　I really hope you’ll find these proposals useful. And I’m looking forward to your coming!

　　Yours sincerely,

　　Li Ming

　　52.大作文

　　【參考范文】

　　As can be clearly seen from the vivid picture, in front of a toppled bottel of which most water in it has flowed out, a man says “there is none left , how unlucky I am” looking rather upset, while another man quickly picked this bottle up, saying “I’m such a lucky dog, there is still some left”. How vivid the cartoon it is! The two men show quite different perspectives toward the same situation.

　　The implication conveyed in this cartoon is that different perspectives we take to exam problems we confront lead to different attitutes or answers to these problems. In the first place, we’ll find the problem is very difficult to handle from the pessimistic perspective. However, if we change our way of observing problems, we may find that we can make some remedial work even to turn something bad into good. In this way, we can find solutions for any difficulties. Every coin has two sides. So why not change an angel to observe the problem we encounter?

　　Whenever we face with the situation like the cartoon,what we should do is to observe it positively, especially when we are experiencing and encountering setbacks, only if we have the optimistic attitude, can we be bound to live a life of happiness.

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