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　　Christianity

　　Christianity began life as a Jewish sect. Far from attempting to find a new religion, the first Christians viewed themselves as Jews following the teachings of the Jewish Messiah . It was only later, after many non-Jews converted, that Christianity became a religion distinct from Judaism

　　Although Christianity shares much with Judaism, these two faiths differ significantly with respect to such fundamental issues as God’s relationship with humanity. The central motif through which this relationship has been understood in both traditions is that of a covenant or contract. In Hebrew scriptures ( the old Testament) , God offers a special relationship with his chosen people — the Jews through a contract that specifies the terms of this relationship . The details of this arrangement have been modified and expanded from time to time, in a series of covenants with Noah, Abraham, and Moses. The most well known of these contracts is God’s agreement with Moses on Mt. Sinai, the Ten Commandments.

　　In the Christian understanding of covenant theology, God offers humanity a new contract — the New Testament— as revealed in the person and teaching of Jesus. Unlike previous covenants, the new covenant refers to the eternal fate of individuals rather than to the worldly fate of the nation of Israel. Also, rather than being offered only to Jews, the new contract is offered to humanity as a whole . Individual salvation and the question of how that salvation can be achieved is a dominant theme of traditional Christianity.

　　Salvation, according to this tradition, is necessary because otherwise the individual is condemned to spend eternity in hell , a place of eternal punishment. Born into sin, the sentence of eternal damnation is the fate of every person unless she or he is saved from this fate by being“ born again ”through faith in Jesus Christ. All other doctrines are built around a warning of condemnation and a redeeming message of redemption. As the core doctrine, it would be natural that arguments over soteriology ( one’s theory of redemption) would lead to religions schisms. Disagreement over competing notions of salvation led to the split between Catholicism and Protestantism.

　　Given the stark contrast between heaven and hell as eternal abodes of the soul, serious thinkers have had to grapple with the question —What happens to people who, while not saints, nevertheless are generally good people who have never committed any major sins in their lives? Reflection on this problem led to the development of purgatory, an intermediate realm between heaven and hell. In purgatory, souls are tortured for their sins, but are eventually released and allowed to enter heaven.

　　參考譯文

　　基督教

　　基督教開始的時(shí)候只是猶太教的一個(gè)分支。最早的基督教徒根本沒想過創(chuàng)辦新的宗 教, 他們自視為追隨猶太教彌賽亞的教義的猶太人。只是后來在許多非猶太人改變信仰之 后, 基督教才脫離猶太教, 自成一體。

　　盡管基督教與猶太教具有很多共同點(diǎn), 但這兩個(gè)宗教在像上帝與人的關(guān)系等基本問題 上差別明顯。在基督教和猶太教這兩種傳統(tǒng)中, 理解上帝與人的關(guān)系需要依賴圣約, 或“ 約 書”中的主旨。在希伯來人的經(jīng)典著作《舊約全書》里, 上帝與他的選民——— 猶太人之間通 過約書保持著特殊的關(guān)系, 這本約書詳細(xì)說明了這種關(guān)系的條件。這一安排的具體內(nèi)容在 一系列與諾亞、亞伯拉罕和摩西達(dá)成的圣約里不時(shí)地被更改和擴(kuò)充。這些約書中最出名的 是上帝與摩西在西奈山上達(dá)成的協(xié)議———《十誡》。

　　基督教徒對(duì)圣約神學(xué)的理解是, 上帝賜給人類一份新約書———《新約全書》, 該約書通 過基督本人以及他的教誨得以昭示。不像從前的圣約那樣,《新約》講述的是個(gè)人永恒的 命運(yùn), 而不是以色列國(guó)世俗的命運(yùn)。同樣, 新約的接受對(duì)象不再只是猶太人, 而是全人類。 個(gè)人的救贖以及靈魂如何能被拯救是傳統(tǒng)基督教的主題。

　　按照這一傳統(tǒng), 救贖對(duì)基督教教徒非常必要, 因?yàn)槿绻�不�?duì)靈魂進(jìn)行拯救, 人就會(huì)被打 進(jìn)地獄, 永世不得超生, 在地獄永遠(yuǎn)都要受到懲罰。人生下來就有罪過, 每個(gè)人都注定要永 遠(yuǎn)受到懲罰, 除非我們信仰基督耶穌, 才能獲得“ 重生”, 擺脫這種命運(yùn)。所有其他教旨都 是圍繞懲罰的警告和救贖的啟示展開的�！� 耶穌救世學(xué)”被作為核心教旨, 對(duì)耶穌救世學(xué) 的爭(zhēng)論必然導(dǎo)致教會(huì)的分裂。對(duì)不同救贖主張的爭(zhēng)執(zhí)導(dǎo)致了天主教和新教之間的決裂。

　　考慮到作為靈魂永久居所的天堂和地獄之間鮮明的對(duì)比, 一些嚴(yán)肅的思想家只得努 力解決以下問題: 對(duì)于那些既非圣人、一生中又沒犯過什么大的過失、本性善良的人來 說, 他們?cè)趺崔k? 對(duì)該問題的反思導(dǎo)致了煉獄理論的產(chǎn)生, 煉獄是介于天堂和地獄之間 的中間地帶。在煉獄里, 靈魂因人的罪惡受到折磨, 但人最終還是得以赦免, 從而進(jìn)入 天堂。

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