談大學(xué)英語四級考試仔細(xì)閱讀部分主旨題的解法

　　本文講述的是我們可以通過面部特征、行為方式和語言方式等來描述人或識別人。其中，首段談到了面部特征在描述或識別一個人的過程當(dāng)中的重要性;第二段緊接著談到了行為方式在這方面的作用;第三段和第四段分別談到了用語言方式來對一個人進行描述;最后一段說人們總是根據(jù)一個人的面部特征和行為方式將人劃分為不同的類型。

　　劃線部分就是需要閱讀的句子，黑體字部分是重點標(biāo)志性詞匯。其中，第一段的兩句話根據(jù)標(biāo)點符號，采用了跳讀。其余各段中舉例等細(xì)節(jié)部分信息也跳過不讀。

　　通過閱讀主題信息，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，這篇文章的每一段都談到了描述或識別人的一個方面，全文的主旨需要把各段的主題綜合起來，經(jīng)過總結(jié)概括而形成。這種結(jié)構(gòu)模式我們稱之為綜合型結(jié)構(gòu)。這樣，考查各段主題，我們可以得出正確答案應(yīng)該是 B。

　　2、開門見山型

　　Most episodes of absent-mindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room-are caused by a simple lack of attention, says Schacter. “You’re supposed to remember something, but you haven’t encoded it deeply.”

　　Encoding, Schacter explains, is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket, for example, and don’t pay attention to what you did because you’re involved in a conversation, you’ll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe (衣柜). “Your memory itself isn’t failing you.” says Schacter. “Rather, you didn’t give your memory system the information it needed.”

　　Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. “A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago.” says Zelinski, “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.” Women have slightly better memories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that.

　　Visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness says Schacter. “But be sure the cue is clear and available.” he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication (藥物) with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table—don’t leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.

　　Another common episode of absent-mindedness: walking into a room and wondering why you’re there. Most likely, you were thinking about something else. “Everyone does this from time to time.” says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room, and you’ll likely remember. (2002年6月四級真題)

　　30. What is the passage mainly about?
　　A) The process of gradual memory loss.
　　B) The causes of absent-mindedness.
　　C) The impact of the environment on memory.
　　D) A way of encoding and recalling.

　　本文講述的是心不在焉這種心理現(xiàn)象形成的原因——缺乏注意力。首段即提出了這個主題，其余四段分別從幾個具體的方面來印證這個主題：第二段談的是沒有給記憶系統(tǒng)提供其所需的信息而導(dǎo)致心不在焉;第三段談到了缺乏興趣也可以導(dǎo)致心不在焉;第三段說視覺提示也可以防止心不在焉;最后一段通過一個具體的例子來說明，如果將注意力集中到一個方面，便會忽略其它方面。劃線部分即為要讀的主題信息，一些標(biāo)點符號處、舉例論證處、引用論證處等都跳過不讀。

　　我們看到，這篇文章開篇即提出這篇文章的主旨，后面幾段是對這個主旨的分述，全文構(gòu)成總分結(jié)構(gòu)模式，這種模式便是開門見山型的結(jié)構(gòu)。由此，我們很容易選出 B 為正確答案。

　　3、對比型(C)

　　Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States?

　　Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian (百姓的) Clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform?

　　Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible(可減稅的). They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes.

　　Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least.

　　Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are long-lasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes.(2000年6月四級真題)

　　35. The best title for this passage would be _______.
　　A) Uniforms and Society
　　B) The Importance of Wearing a Uniform
　　C) Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform
　　D) Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms

　　本文的結(jié)構(gòu)模式十分清晰。首段提出全文主題：美國人如何看待制服的問題;第二段和第三段講到了制服的優(yōu)點;最后兩段講制服的缺點。很顯然，后四段提出兩種相反的觀點，形成對比型的結(jié)構(gòu)模式。劃線部分是要讀的主題信息，黑體字是重要的標(biāo)志性詞語，中間舉例論證等細(xì)節(jié)部分采用了跳讀。

　　對比型的結(jié)構(gòu)模式中總是會出現(xiàn)截然相反的兩種觀點，全文的主旨則是兩種觀點的綜合，由此，我們不難選出正確答案D。

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