2007年大學(xué)英語四六級講義——四級寫作（上）

　　第一節(jié) 大綱要求及分析

　　大學(xué)英語四級寫作基本要求

　　基礎(chǔ)階段學(xué)生寫作能力的基本要求為：能在閱讀難度與課文相仿的書面材料時(shí)作筆記、回答問題、寫提綱，能就一定的話題或提綱在半小時(shí)內(nèi)寫出120 ~150 個(gè)詞的短文，能寫短信和便條，表達(dá)意思清楚、無重大語言錯(cuò)誤。

　　寫作能力測試部分比例為15%，體裁包括議論文、說明文、應(yīng)用文等。

　　分析：四級作文范文檔的要求是：切題。表達(dá)思想清楚、文字通順，連貫性較好�；�本無語言錯(cuò)誤，僅有個(gè)別小錯(cuò)。該要求蘊(yùn)涵著大學(xué)英語寫作的四個(gè)基本考點(diǎn)：

　　1、 切題——所謂切題是指在形式上諸如段落、字?jǐn)?shù)、文體、格式等方面滿足題目要求，并在內(nèi)容上沒有偏差。

　　2、 表達(dá)清楚、條理清晰——本要求考查學(xué)生對文章結(jié)構(gòu)的掌握，要求文章主題觀點(diǎn)明確，有頭有尾，論證說明安排有主次，有輕重。

　　3、 文字通順，連貫性較好——本要求考查學(xué)生對過渡句和連接詞或詞組的掌握和運(yùn)用，要求文章句子內(nèi)部與句子之間通順連貫，不突兀。

　　4、 基本無語言錯(cuò)誤——本要求考查學(xué)生語言基本功的掌握，包括語法與拼寫兩部分。

　　第二節(jié) 評分原則與評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

　　1. CET – 4 檢查考生是否達(dá)到大學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱規(guī)定的四級教學(xué)要求，對作文的評判應(yīng)以此要求為準(zhǔn)則。

　　2. CET – 4 作文題采用總體評分(Global Scoring)方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分(Reward Scores), 而不是按語言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)量扣分。

　　3. 從內(nèi)容和語言兩個(gè)方面對作文進(jìn)行綜合評判。內(nèi)容和語言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通過語言來表達(dá)。要考慮作文是否切題，是否充分表達(dá)思想，也要考慮是否用英語清楚而恰當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)思想，也就是要考慮語言上的錯(cuò)誤是否會(huì)造成理解上的障礙。

　　4. 避免趨中傾向。該給高分的給高分，包括滿分;該給低分的給低分，包括0分。一名閱卷人員在所評閱的全部作文卷中不應(yīng)只給中間的幾種分?jǐn)?shù)。

　　5. 字?jǐn)?shù)不足以應(yīng)酌情扣分：

　　(1)如題目中給出主題句、起始句、結(jié)束句，均不得計(jì)入所寫字?jǐn)?shù)。

　　(2)只寫一段者：0 ~ 4分;只寫兩段者：0 ~ 9分。(指規(guī)定三段的作文)

　　樣卷14分檔

　　Now, when a person is hunting for a job, there will always be a job interview and I think the job interview has a lot of advantages. The interviewer and the interviewee can know about each other through it.

　　First the interviewer can tell something about the job to the interviewee such as the wage, the work conditions and something else which is relevant to the job. Then the interviewee can decide whether the job is really suitable for him. Second, I think the job interview is a good chance for the interviewee, because, he can impress the interviewer by good behavior. He can show both his ability and his confidence. Then the interviewer can figure out whether he is the right person for the job.

　　In a word, I think the interview will do good to both the interviewer and the interviewee. By the interview, the interviewee can find a suitable job and the interviewer can find a suitable person if both of them make the best of the job interview.

　　評析：這篇文章采用第三和第一人稱，開頭點(diǎn)題，馬上過渡到面試在實(shí)際中的重要意義。之后，作者從兩個(gè)角度加以論證。從整篇文章看，作者能緊扣主題，過渡自然，說服力強(qiáng)，文筆流暢，是一篇考生值得模仿的文章。

　　第三節(jié) 應(yīng)對策略與語言組織技巧

　　一、文字通順連貫

　　英語中的過渡句和連接詞是文章通順連貫的重要標(biāo)志，根據(jù)語法中的平行和從屬結(jié)構(gòu)原則，一個(gè)復(fù)合句中必須要有一個(gè)連接詞，否則句子是不符合語法規(guī)則的。如：

　　All flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train. 本句的兩部分都有完整的主謂，但并沒有連接詞加以連接，故是錯(cuò)誤的，應(yīng)改為：Because all flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.或All flights had been cancelled, so the passengers had to go there by train.或用分詞形式All flights having been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.由以上例子可以看出，復(fù)合句內(nèi)部必須要有連接詞，有時(shí)句子之間也需要連接詞，而連接詞體現(xiàn)的是句子內(nèi)部和句子之間嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)?shù)倪壿嫼驼撟C推理關(guān)系，是英文語言最大的價(jià)值之一。當(dāng)然段與段之間還需要過渡句或過渡詞組來加以聯(lián)系，以達(dá)到通順之效果。

　　以下是我們對寫作中英文邏輯關(guān)系以及引導(dǎo)各種邏輯關(guān)系連接詞和詞組的歸納：

　　總結(jié)關(guān)系過渡詞語

　　generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude

　　比較對比關(guān)系過渡詞語

　　similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless

　　列舉關(guān)系過渡詞語

　　for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition (to that), first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another

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