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詞匯精粹:貫通大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)詞匯(2)

    These are common remarks one may hear at various sporting events. At the time they are made, they may seem innocent enough. But let’s not kid ourselves. They have been known to influence behavior in such a way as to lead to real bloodshed. Volumes have been written about the way words affect us.It has been shown that words having certain connotations may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior. I see the term “opponent” as one of those words. Perhaps the time has come to delete it from sports terms.

  The dictionary meaning of the term “opponent” is “adversary”;“enemy” ; “one who opposes your interests”. Thus, when a player meets an opponent, he or she may tend to treat that opponent as an enemy. At such times, winning may dominate one’s intellect, and every action, no matter how gross, may be considered justifiable. I recall an incident in a handball game when a referee refused a player’s request for a time out for a glove change because he did not considered then wet enough. The player proceeded to rub his gloves across his wet Tshirt and then exclaimed. “Are they wet enough now?”

  In the heat of battle, players have been observed to throw themselves across the court without considering the consequences that such a move might have on anyone in their way. I have also witnessed a player reacting to his opponent’s international and illegal blocking by deliberately hitting him with the ball as hard as he could during the course of play. Off the court, they are good friends. Does that make any sense? It certainly gives proof of a court attitude which departs from normal behavior.

  The dictionary meaning of the term “associate” is “colleague” ; “friend” ; “companion”. Reflect a moment ! You may soon see and possibly feel the difference in your reaction to the term “associate” rather than “opponent.”

  【2005年6月】

  “撕碎他們!”“殺了那些笨蛋!”“干掉裁判!”

  這些話語(yǔ)在各種體育賽場(chǎng)上均能聽(tīng)到。 說(shuō)這些話的人,往往覺(jué)得自己很無(wú)辜。但我們不是三歲小孩,我們深知如此過(guò)激行為常會(huì)導(dǎo)致流血沖突。關(guān)于言辭如何影響我們的書(shū)本卷帙浩繁。業(yè)已證實(shí),言語(yǔ)的某些特定含義往往會(huì)致使我們以迥異于日常行為的方式做出反應(yīng)!皩(duì)手”一詞便是一例,或許將該詞從體育術(shù)語(yǔ)中刪去的時(shí)刻已經(jīng)到來(lái)。

  詞典里關(guān)于“對(duì)手”一詞的定義是:“對(duì)抗者”,“敵人”,“一個(gè)與自身利益相對(duì)立的人”。因此,當(dāng)參賽者遭遇對(duì)手時(shí),往往會(huì)把對(duì)方看成敵人。此刻,獲勝已主宰了個(gè)人理智;因此,不管個(gè)人行為多么粗俗,參賽者都會(huì)認(rèn)為合情合理。這讓我們回想起發(fā)生在一場(chǎng)手球比賽場(chǎng)的事件:裁判拒絕一位參賽者停止比賽去換副手套的請(qǐng)求,因?yàn)椴门姓J(rèn)為那副手套不夠濕,不一定非得要換。此時(shí),那位參賽者把手套在其濕淋淋的T恤衫上擦抹一番后,對(duì)裁判吼道:“這下夠濕了吧?”

  在一場(chǎng)激烈的比賽中,時(shí)常會(huì)觀察到參賽者被罰下場(chǎng),他們也許未曾想過(guò)這種懲罰會(huì)對(duì)他人產(chǎn)生何種后果。我也曾親睹一位參賽者蓄意以最狠的方式將球投向他的對(duì)手去傷害對(duì)方。賽場(chǎng)之外,他們是好朋友。這有何啟示呢?可以肯定的是,這證明了球場(chǎng)上的行為舉止與日常行為截然不同。Therefore, I believe it is time we elevated the game to the level where it belongs thereby setting an example to the rest of the sporting world. Replacing the term “opponent” with “associate” could be an ideal way to start.

  因此,我認(rèn)為現(xiàn)在需要將比賽提升至一更高水平,從而給體育界樹(shù)立典范。以“伙伴”取代“對(duì)手”或許就是一個(gè)好的開(kāi)端。

  詞典里關(guān)于“伙伴”的定義是:“同事”,“朋友”,“同伴”。顯然,如此一來(lái),你將不會(huì)把對(duì)手當(dāng)作敵人來(lái)看待,賽場(chǎng)風(fēng)氣就會(huì)大為改觀。
  1. Which of the following statements best expresses the author’s view?
  A)Aggressive behavior in sports can have serious consequences.
  B)The words people use can influence their behavior.
  C)Unpleasant words in sports are often used by foreign athletes.
  D)Unfair judgments by referees will lead to violence on the sports field.
  2. Harsh words are spoken during games because the players.
  A)are too eager to win
  B)are usually shorttempered and easily offended
  C)cannot afford to be polite in fierce competition
  D)treat their rivals as enemies
  3. What did the handball player do when he was not allowed a time out to change his gloves?
  A)He refused to continue the game.
  B)He angrily hit the referee with a ball.
  C)He claimed that the referee was unfair.
  D)He wet his gloves by rubbing them across his Tshirt.
  4. According to the passage, players, in a game, may.
  A)deliberately throw the ball at anyone illegally blocking their way
  B)keep on screaming and shouting throughout the game
  C)lie down on the ground as an act of protest
  D)kick the ball across the court with force
  5. The author hopes to have the current situation in sports improved by.
  A)calling on players to use clean language on the court
  B)raising the referee’s sense of responsibility
  C)changing the attitude of players on the sports field
  D)regulating the relationship between players and referees

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    tearn. 淚,淚水,淚珠v. 撕,扯,撕碎,撕裂,撕下,扯掉n.破洞,裂口

  【考點(diǎn)】in tears 流著淚,含著淚,在哭著;

  tear at 撕,扯;

  tear away (使)勉強(qiáng)離去;

  tear down 拆掉,拆除;

  tear into 攻擊,抨擊;

  tear up 撕毀

  eventn.①事件,重大事件 ②(運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的)比賽項(xiàng)目

  【考點(diǎn)】at all events 不管怎么樣,無(wú)論如何;

  in any event 不管怎樣,無(wú)論如何;

  in the event 結(jié)果,到頭來(lái);

  in the event that 萬(wàn)一,倘若;

  in the event of 萬(wàn)一,倘若

  【辨析】event,accident,incident,occurrence:

  event 指重大事件,特指歷史事件;

  accident “事故”,指發(fā)生的意想不到的不幸事故;

  incident 指附屬的、不重要的事;

  occurrence “事件”,指偶然發(fā)生的事,尤指普通日常發(fā)生的事。

  innocentadj. ①清白的,無(wú)罪的 ②幼稚的,無(wú)知的 ③無(wú)害的,沒(méi)有惡意的

  【考點(diǎn)】be innocent of 沒(méi)有做……,無(wú)辜

  【詞根】~=in(not)+noc(to harm)+ent(詞尾)

  leadv. ①帶路,指引,領(lǐng)導(dǎo) ②領(lǐng)先,帶頭vi. ①通向 ②導(dǎo)致

  【考點(diǎn)】lead to 通向,導(dǎo)致;

  lead sb. to do 讓某人做;

  lead sb. (in) doing 帶領(lǐng)某人做

  reactvi.①反應(yīng),作出反應(yīng) ②(~against)反對(duì), 反其道而行 ③(~with)起化學(xué)作用

  【考點(diǎn)】react to sth.(by doing sth.)起反應(yīng),(對(duì)……)作出反應(yīng),回應(yīng)

  react against sb./sth.反對(duì),反抗

  【詞根】~=re(back)+act(to act)

  delete vt. 刪除,擦掉

  【考點(diǎn)】delete sth.from sth.從……上刪除

  【派生】deletion n. 刪除

  tendvt. 照料,看管,照管,管理vi. ①傾向,向,趨于 ②易于

  【考點(diǎn)】tend to/towards 傾向于,趨于

  treatv. ①對(duì)待,看待,視為 ②討論,論及 ③治療,治病 ④處理 ⑤款待,招待,宴請(qǐng)n. 宴請(qǐng),款待,招待

  【考點(diǎn)】treat of探討

  treat sb./sth. with/as/like sth.以……態(tài)度對(duì)待,以……方式對(duì)待

  treat sth.as sth.把……看作,視為

  treat sth.with sth.處理,保護(hù),保存

  treat sb./yourself to sth.招待,請(qǐng)客

  treat sb. like dirt視某人如草芥,蔑視

  a treat極為有效,棒極了

  【派生】treatable adj. 可治療的

  treatment n.治療;待遇;處理

  treaty n.條件,協(xié)定

  gross adj. ①總的 ②嚴(yán)重的,顯著的 ③粗俗的,粗野的 ④臃腫的vt.獲得……總收入(或毛利)

  【考點(diǎn)】gross national product(GNP) 國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值

  【辨析】gross,total:

  gross用在專(zhuān)用財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表中,表明尚未扣除成本、雜費(fèi)等;

  total表示無(wú)任何保留地,絕對(duì)地。

  request n. 要求,請(qǐng)求v. 要求,請(qǐng)求

  【考點(diǎn)】at someone’s request 應(yīng)某人之要求;

  by request (of) 依照……的要求;

  in (great) request 流行,大眾所需的;

  on request 應(yīng)……的要求;

  request sb. to do sth. 要求某人做某事;

  request sth. from/of sb. 要求某人做某事

  【詞根】~=re(again)+quest(to seek)

  proceed vi. ①繼續(xù)前進(jìn),繼續(xù)下去 ②前進(jìn)

  【考點(diǎn)】proceed to do sth. 繼續(xù)做(另一件事);

  proceed with sth. 繼續(xù)進(jìn)行;

  proceed against 控訴

  【詞根】~=pro(before)+ceed(to go)

  rub v. ①擦,揉,磨 ②撫摩,按摩 ③摩擦

  【考點(diǎn)】rub out 擦掉,拭去;

  rub away 擦掉,磨去;

  rub down 按摩,用力擦遍;

  rub off 擦掉,磨去;

  rub sth. in 反復(fù)提及令人不快的事

  exclaim v.驚叫,呼喊,大聲說(shuō)

  【辨析】exclaim,shout,cry,scream:

  exclaim“叫喊”,是指由于驚訝、痛苦、高興等而高聲叫喊;

  shout 指表示驚奇、喜悅而發(fā)出的叫喊,也指予以警告、注意而發(fā)出的叫喊;

  cry 大多數(shù)指無(wú)意的叫聲或哭聲,一般用語(yǔ);

  scream “尖叫”,因痛苦、恐怖突然大叫。

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    courtn. ①法庭,法院 ②(網(wǎng)球)球場(chǎng) ③庭院,院子

  【考點(diǎn)】basketball/tennis court 籃球場(chǎng)/網(wǎng)球場(chǎng);

  court ball 宮廷舞會(huì)

  consequencen.①結(jié)果,后果 ②重要性

  【考點(diǎn)】in consequence 因此,結(jié)果;

  in consequence of 由于……原因

  witness n. ①目擊者 ②(法律上的)證人 ③證據(jù),證言,證明v. ①親眼見(jiàn)到,目擊,目睹 ②連署,作……連署人

  【考點(diǎn)】be(a)witness to sth.目擊,看見(jiàn)(某事發(fā)生)

  bear/give witness (to sth.)為……作證,證明

  【關(guān)聯(lián)】witness box 證人席

  illegal adj. 不合法的,非法的,違規(guī)的

  【關(guān)聯(lián)】反義詞:legal

  【派生】illegality n. 違法

  attituden. ①(與to,toward連用)態(tài)度,看法 ②姿勢(shì)

  【考點(diǎn)】attitude of mind 心態(tài)問(wèn)題

  with attitude 自我陶醉

  strike an attitude擺出某種姿態(tài)

  【派生】attitudinal adj.態(tài)度上的

  replacev. ①取代,代替 ②更換,替換 ③把……放回原處

  【考點(diǎn)】replace sb./sth.with/by sb./sth.(用……)替換,(以……)接替

  【派生】replaceable adj. 可替換的,可代替的

  replacement n.替換,更換;替代物(者)

  companion n. 同伴,同事

  【辨析】friend,acquaintance,companion:

  friend 親密的朋友;

  acquaintance 熟人,點(diǎn)頭之交;

  companion 既有朋友之意,也有熟人的意思。

  differencen. ①差別,沖突 ②爭(zhēng)論,不和

  【考點(diǎn)】make a difference 有影響,很重要;

  make no difference 沒(méi)有差別

  common adj. ①普通的,一般的 ②共同的,共用的

  【考點(diǎn)】in common 共同地

  【關(guān)聯(lián)】復(fù)合詞: commonplace adj.平凡的,陳腐的;commonsense adj. 常識(shí)上的,有常識(shí)的; commonwealth 共和國(guó),共同體

  actionn.①行動(dòng),行動(dòng)過(guò)程 ②作用,功能

  【考點(diǎn)】take action 采取行動(dòng)

  action on 在……起作用

  【關(guān)聯(lián)】近義詞:activity,effect,functioning,influence

  wordn. ①字詞,單詞 ②話語(yǔ),言詞,談話 ③消息,訊息,信息 ④諾言,保證

  【考點(diǎn)】in a word 簡(jiǎn)言之

  in other words 換句話說(shuō)

  word for word 逐字地

  startn. ①啟程,動(dòng)身,開(kāi)始,著手 ②開(kāi)始的優(yōu)先權(quán),優(yōu)先地位 ③(因吃驚、恐懼等)跳起,驚起,吃驚v. ①出發(fā),啟程,動(dòng)身 ②開(kāi)始,著手 ③創(chuàng)始,起始,創(chuàng)辦 ④發(fā)動(dòng),引起,使產(chǎn)生,使開(kāi)始 ⑤驚起,跳起,突然活動(dòng)跳起

  【考點(diǎn)】start off 開(kāi)始活動(dòng)

  start out 開(kāi)始,著手

  start up 驚起,驚跳;突然出現(xiàn),崛起; 開(kāi)動(dòng),發(fā)動(dòng)

  to start with 首先,開(kāi)始

  【關(guān)聯(lián)】

  近義詞:

  outset,beginning,lead,advantage,jump,depart,begin,found,originate,jump,jerk

  反義詞:goal,finish

  come (came ) vi. ①來(lái),來(lái)到 ②經(jīng)過(guò) ③達(dá)到,至 ④產(chǎn)生(于),來(lái)(自) ⑤變成,實(shí)現(xiàn) ⑥開(kāi)始 ⑦發(fā)生,出現(xiàn)(于),位(于)

  【考點(diǎn)】come about 發(fā)生,產(chǎn)生;

  come across 偶然遇到,碰上

  come along 出現(xiàn),發(fā)生;進(jìn)步,進(jìn)展;

  come apart 破碎,崩潰

  come around/round ①蘇醒,復(fù)原 ②順便來(lái)訪

  come at ①攻擊,沖向 ②達(dá)到,了解

  come between ①分開(kāi),離間 ②妨礙(某人做某事);

  come by ①得到,獲得 ②訪問(wèn),看望

  come down①(物價(jià)等)下跌 ②落魄,潦倒;

  come down to 可歸結(jié)為

  come in for 受到,遭到;

  come off ①脫落,分開(kāi) ②結(jié)果,表現(xiàn)

  come on ①(表示鼓勵(lì)、催促等)快,走吧 ②進(jìn)步,進(jìn)展 ③發(fā)生,開(kāi)始

  come out ①出現(xiàn),顯露 ②出版,發(fā)表 ③結(jié)果是

  come through 經(jīng)歷……仍活著,安然度過(guò)

  come to ①蘇醒 ②總數(shù)為,結(jié)果是 ③涉及,談判

  come up ①出現(xiàn),發(fā)生 ②走上前來(lái)

  come up against 突然(或意外)碰到(困難、反對(duì)等)

  come up to 比得上,達(dá)到(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)等)

  come up with 提出,想出,提供

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    1.【B】這是一道綜合推斷題,要求考生綜合運(yùn)用已知信息對(duì)作者的觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度做出總結(jié)性的判斷。問(wèn)題是“下面哪一句話能最好地表達(dá)作者的態(tài)度?”作者在第一段就已經(jīng)指出“It has been shown that words having certain connotations may cause us to react in ways quite foreign to what we consider to be our usual humanistic behavior.”縱觀全文可以看到作者一直是支持這個(gè)觀點(diǎn),并以體育比賽為例提出應(yīng)該修改體育比賽的用詞,以消除體育比賽中的暴力。 因此B“人們用到的詞語(yǔ)會(huì)影響他們的行為”符合題意。全文似乎體育比賽占了很大篇幅,但是應(yīng)該看到這只是作者用來(lái)支持自己論點(diǎn)的一個(gè)大的例子。不是文章的最終結(jié)論。選項(xiàng)A“體育中的好斗行為會(huì)引發(fā)嚴(yán)重后果”;C“體育中令人不愉快的言辭經(jīng)常被外國(guó)運(yùn)動(dòng)員用到”;D“裁判的不公平會(huì)導(dǎo)致運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)的暴力事件”。姑且不論它們是否符合原文,單就它們都只是談到例子中的細(xì)節(jié),就可以排除。實(shí)際上從原文可以看到選項(xiàng)C、D原文根本沒(méi)有提及。

  2.【D】這是一道細(xì)節(jié)推理題。文章開(kāi)頭提到了一些常見(jiàn)的粗話,并指出這些講粗話的行為是因?yàn)槟承┰~的含義的誤導(dǎo)。第三段以一個(gè)特殊的詞“opponent”為例,分析了體育比賽中不當(dāng)行為的原因是因?yàn)椤皁pponent”一詞的含義是“敵人”、“對(duì)手”,因此“當(dāng)一名選手遇到他的對(duì)手,他會(huì)把他看成是敵人!币虼薉項(xiàng)“把他們的對(duì)手當(dāng)成敵人”正確。選項(xiàng)A“太想贏了”也是由于“敵人”一詞的誤導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生的想法,不是說(shuō)粗話的原因。B“通常脾氣不好,容易發(fā)火”跟原文內(nèi)容不符。C“在激烈的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中無(wú)法保持禮貌”也是原文不曾提及的內(nèi)容。

  3.【D】這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題,題干問(wèn)“當(dāng)那名手球運(yùn)動(dòng)員沒(méi)有被允許暫停去更換手套,他是怎么做的?”答題依據(jù)為第三段末尾。選項(xiàng)D“他把手套在自己的T恤上蹭來(lái)蹭去”是原文的復(fù)制。A“他拒絕繼續(xù)比賽”;B“他怒氣沖沖地用球砸裁判”;C“他叫嚷說(shuō)裁判不公平”。這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都與原文不符。

  4.【A】這是一道細(xì)節(jié)題,答案可在第四段找到:在白熱化的賽場(chǎng)上,運(yùn)動(dòng)員可能橫沖直撞,可能有人用球去砸別的球員,只因?yàn)閷?duì)方擋人犯規(guī)。選項(xiàng)A“故意用球去砸任何一個(gè)犯規(guī)阻擋他的隊(duì)員”原文提到,可選。B“不停地在比賽中尖叫、大喊”;C“躺在地上以示抗議”;D“使勁地把球踢到球場(chǎng)另一頭”。雖然這三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中的行為在生活中都很常見(jiàn),但是在做閱讀理解的時(shí)候不能以自己的常識(shí)或者生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)來(lái)判斷,而應(yīng)該緊扣原文。

  5.【C】這是一道細(xì)節(jié)推論題。作者提議用 “associate”一詞來(lái)替換 “opponent”一詞,是因?yàn)榍罢叩暮x會(huì)使運(yùn)動(dòng)員改變他們的態(tài)度,不再把對(duì)手看成是“敵人”,而是“同事”、“朋友”。選項(xiàng)C“改變運(yùn)動(dòng)員在賽場(chǎng)的態(tài)度”正是表達(dá)了這個(gè)意思。A“呼吁運(yùn)動(dòng)員在賽場(chǎng)上語(yǔ)言文明”,語(yǔ)言文明只是他們改變態(tài)度后的另一個(gè)可能的結(jié)果。B“提高裁判的責(zé)任感”,未提及。D“規(guī)范選手和裁判的關(guān)系”,未提及。

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王江濤老師
在線名師:王江濤老師
  北京新東方學(xué)校國(guó)內(nèi)考試部資深教師,北京大學(xué)碩士,曾任職于國(guó)...[詳細(xì)]
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