王長喜大學(xué)英語考試四級大課堂（第九講）

    二、 大學(xué)英語四級完形填空測試要點(diǎn) 

　　從干擾項(xiàng)的設(shè)計(jì)來看，近幾年完形填空大體有以下特點(diǎn): 

1． 搭配題 

1) 名詞與介詞的搭配，如95年的answers to ( answers __88__the more difficult ones)； 

2) 形容詞和介詞的搭配 be confident in ( the ones __85__which they are most confident)； 

3) 動(dòng)詞與介詞的搭配，如97年的take sth for granted (Take it __69__ granted that he likes everything),98年的judge …from (We judge race usually __62__ the colouring of the skin), get to work ( before __82__ to work) 和 adapt to ( the easier it will be for them to _____ to the new environment)； 

4) 動(dòng)詞和名詞的搭配，如98年的 take step ( there may be one more step they have to ___81___ before registering for classes and ___82__ to work) ； 

5) 副詞與分詞的搭配,如98年的well prepared (they may also take one of more examinations that test how _73__ prepared they are for the university)等等。 
這些都是常用的固定搭配,考生只要平時(shí)多加注意，在考試中便可輕松應(yīng)對。 

2．短語 

　　另外一類比較簡單的選項(xiàng)為短語，這些也大都是約定俗成的，如95年的take place，come from，97年的have an idea, come back, 98年的in the past, 2000年的learn by heart。 

3．上下文線索 

　　名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞的選擇題中，大多情況下是四個(gè)選項(xiàng)沒有任何聯(lián)系，語義差別也比較大，選擇時(shí)需根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行語意方面的判斷，多數(shù)情況下，上下文中有同現(xiàn)和復(fù)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)象，考生應(yīng)注意利用這些提示。 

    三、 完形填空解題技巧 

(一)注意詞匯知識(shí)的運(yùn)用 

　　完形填空中對詞的考查以實(shí)詞為主，如形容詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞等。其中有相當(dāng)一部分詞匯題中各個(gè)選項(xiàng)之間并無大的聯(lián)系。這類題要求考生應(yīng)從上下文的語義入手，根據(jù)各選項(xiàng)單詞的意思和結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行選擇。 

1． 注意動(dòng)詞自身的結(jié)構(gòu)功能 

　　對動(dòng)詞來說，一般從兩點(diǎn)設(shè)干擾項(xiàng)，一是動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)功能，如能不能接賓語，接什么樣的賓語，能不能接復(fù)合賓語；二是上下文的語義要求。有相當(dāng)部分選擇題考生只從結(jié)構(gòu)上就可做出正確的判斷。 如： 
　�、� Individuals of every race __76__ civilization to go backward or forward. 
　　76. A. make B. cause C. move D. turn 
　　根據(jù)動(dòng)詞的句法功能可以判斷答案為B。 
　�、� Some high school students may be __76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university. 
     A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required 
　　根據(jù)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的句法功能可以排除A，B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)。從常識(shí)來看，大學(xué)招生時(shí)的面試是一項(xiàng)"要求"，而非一項(xiàng)"命令"，所以答案為D。 

2． 注意分析動(dòng)詞所包含的肯定/否定含義與上下文的關(guān)系 

　　在做動(dòng)詞選擇題時(shí)，除觀察動(dòng)詞自身的結(jié)構(gòu)功能之外，還應(yīng)注意其語義特點(diǎn)，比如，有的單詞含有肯定含義，有的卻有否定的含義�？忌�可借助這一特點(diǎn)，分析具體的上下文。如： 

　　Do not talk too much to the child __75_ meal times, but let him get on with his food, and do not _76__ him to leave table immediately after a meal or he will __77__learn to swallow his food __78__ he can hurry back to his toys. 
75. A. on          B. over       C. by       D. during 
76. A. agree       B. allow      C. force    D. persuade 
77. A. hurriedly   B. soon       C. fast     D. slowly 
78. A. so          B. until      C. lest     D. although 

　　76題動(dòng)詞的選擇依賴于上下句意思的需要。從四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的結(jié)構(gòu)功能來看，A不對，因?yàn)閍gree后不能接復(fù)合賓語。從語意角度來看，A，B包含否定的含義，C，D包含肯定的含義。"不同意/允許孩子馬上離開"即阻止孩子離開， 而"不強(qiáng)迫/說服孩子馬上離開"即允許孩子離開，只是不采用強(qiáng)制的手段。根據(jù)下文"否則孩子會(huì)養(yǎng)成狼吞虎咽的習(xí)慣以便盡快地回去玩自己的玩具"，答案應(yīng)是B�？梢�，動(dòng)詞的選擇不僅應(yīng)看其句法功能，還需根據(jù)上下文確定其語義要求。 

3．注意分析上下文的情景 

　　結(jié)構(gòu)是為意思服務(wù)的，在完形填空中大部分選項(xiàng)只看動(dòng)詞的結(jié)構(gòu)功能是很難判斷的，考生應(yīng)注意分析上下文的情景。對于行為動(dòng)詞的選擇應(yīng)想象當(dāng)時(shí)所發(fā)生的事情，根據(jù)"目睹的所發(fā)生的事情"進(jìn)行選擇。如： 
　�、� The plane was moving unsteadily through the air, and __71__ the passengers had fastened their seat belts, they were suddenly __72__ forward. 
　　71. A. although    B. while     C. therefore   D. then 
　　72. A. shifted     B. thrown    C. put         D. moved 

　　雖然72中的四個(gè)動(dòng)詞都能與forward.搭配，但根據(jù)飛機(jī)在空中如此顛簸的情況，乘客應(yīng)該是被"拋向前方"。另外，shift一般還表示左右搖擺為多，put forward一般做"提出(建議)"解，move forward是"向前移動(dòng)"可能是乘客從座位上走下來，向前漫漫移動(dòng)，與當(dāng)時(shí)飛機(jī)上的情形不符。 

4． 注意上下句的聯(lián)系，不要孤立地根據(jù)一句進(jìn)行判斷 

　　完形填空不同于"詞匯語法填空"之處就于，在完形填空所依賴的上下文比詞匯語法填空要大的多。在做完形填空時(shí)，考生必須仔細(xì)閱讀上下文，切不可只憑一句的提示進(jìn)行判斷。如： 

　　It later became a custom to write directions on small cards, or "etiquette", as to how visitors should dress themselves and ___81__ during an important ceremony at the royal court. (Thus) the word "etiquette" began to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow. 
　　81. A. act B. prepare C. respond D. follow 

　　該題中四個(gè)選項(xiàng)意思差別很大，也沒有結(jié)構(gòu)上的特殊要求，只能根據(jù)上下文的意思確定選項(xiàng)。本句所處短文所要說明的是詞語的演變問題。該句所表達(dá)的是在法語中"etiquette"是一種卡片，用來書寫提示，提示客人應(yīng)該穿什么衣服，以及在儀式上應(yīng)注意的事項(xiàng)，即言談舉止應(yīng)注意的問題，再結(jié)合下文的to indicate a system of correct manners for people to follow可以判斷本題答案應(yīng)是A。 

5． 注意詞匯與話題的同現(xiàn) 

　　每個(gè)單詞都有其適應(yīng)的空間，其適合的話題，與同一話題相連的單詞就構(gòu)成了一個(gè)以話題為中心的詞匯鏈。在做完形填空時(shí)考生可以借助詞匯鏈的知識(shí)幫助完成選擇。如 

　　I have no doubt that (virtually) all of these people were __74__ in school that the earth revolves around the sun; (they) may even have written it(on)a test. 
　　74. A. learned B. suggested C. taught D. advised 

　　與學(xué)校這個(gè)話題相連的動(dòng)詞很多，如teach, learn, study, attend, leave, take, drop out, dismiss等等。根據(jù)本題四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的特點(diǎn)和74處被動(dòng)語態(tài)的使用，考生可以輕松地判斷答案為C。 

6. 注意介詞的表意功能和搭配功能 

　　完形填空中涉及到介詞選擇的有兩種：一種是常用介詞的基本用法；另一種是與介詞有關(guān)的搭配，測試中以搭配居多，也有部分常用介詞用法的考查。在做這類考題時(shí)將介詞選項(xiàng)的表意功能與上下文結(jié)合起來即可。 如： 

　�、� He may try to solve a problem by using the theories __84__ science or by experimenting through trial and error. 
　　84. A. of B. with C. to D. as 
　　"科學(xué)的理論"，of表示"有關(guān)"。 
　�、� Some geography books focus on a small area __77__ a town or city. 
　　77. A. outside B. as C. except D. like 
　　四個(gè)介詞無任何相同之處，意思差別很大，根據(jù)a small area和 town city之間的列舉關(guān)系，答案應(yīng)是D。 
　�、� A geographer might be described __85_ one who observes, records, and explains the differences between places. 
　　85. A. for B. as C. to D. by 
　　表示"作為"的介詞是as。 
　　④ They read over the questions __83__ trying to answer any of them. 
　　83. A. after B. besides C. before D. against 
　　閱讀問題和回答問題之間所存在的是時(shí)間上的前后問題，自然是先閱讀問題后回答，所以答案為C。 
　�、� People see the "sun" moving __80__ the sky as morning turns to night, and the earth seems stationary (while) that is happening. 
　　80. A. around B. across C. on D. above 
　　太陽由東向西劃過天空，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有B，能表示"從一邊到另一邊"，答案應(yīng)是B。 

7． 根據(jù)代詞在上下文中的替代作用選擇適當(dāng)?shù)拇�詞 

　　就代詞而言，重點(diǎn)是看其在上下文中的替代作用，同時(shí)要特別注意that,one等的運(yùn)用。如： 
　　① The foreign research scholar usually isolates __76_ in the laboratory as a means of protection. 
　　76. A. himself B. him C. oneself D. one 
　　這是反身代詞的一般用法，句子主語不是泛指的one，C不對，答案為A。 
　�、� What he needs is to be fitted with a highly organized university system quite different from __79__ at home. 
　　79. A. those B. what C. which D. that 
　　根據(jù)所對比的內(nèi)容"university system"，可以判斷，79所代替的是可數(shù)單數(shù)特指，說明答案應(yīng)是D。 
　�、� Never asks a child whether he likes or dislikes a food and never _66__ else to do so. 
　　66. A. everybody B. anybody C. somebody D. nobody 
　　本句為否定句，因此應(yīng)選擇非斷定詞，即答案為B。 
　　④ At meal times it is a good idea to give a child a small portion and let him come back for a second helping rather than give him as __74__ as he is likely to eat all at once. 
　　74. A. much B. little C. few D. many 

　　本句所談?wù)摰氖且活D飯應(yīng)該讓孩子吃多少，從這一點(diǎn)上來講，量的表達(dá)應(yīng)用不可數(shù)代詞，C，D可以排除。從上文中的a small portion來看，這里所要表達(dá)是"而不是孩子想吃多少就讓他吃多少"， 即 as much as he is likely to eat， 答案為A。 

8． 注意詞語的搭配，根據(jù)搭配選擇正確答案 

    (1) 注意常用短語動(dòng)詞的辨認(rèn) 
　　
    動(dòng)詞是構(gòu)成句子必不可少的成分，作為謂語動(dòng)詞的一部分，短語動(dòng)詞也是十分活躍的成分，在完形填空的考查中占有一定的比重。這類短語有兩種考查方式。一是，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有一個(gè)搭配是正確的，這是最簡單的一種；另一種是，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)的搭配不只一個(gè)正確，這時(shí)考生需借助于上下文語義做出適當(dāng)?shù)呐袛唷Ｔ嚳匆韵赂骼��?nbsp;

　�、� The man who (invented) the machines of the Industrial Revolution __76__ from many backgrounds and many occupations. 
　　76. A. came B. arrived C. stemmed D. appeared 
　　該題選項(xiàng)中只有一個(gè)可與from搭配，即A。 
　�、� At meal times it is a good (idea) to give a child a small portion and let him _73__ back for a second helping rather than give him as (much) as he is likely to eat all at once. 
　　73. A. ask B. come C. return D. take 
　　從搭配上而言，B，D都是正確的，但take back表示"收回前言，承認(rèn)自己是錯(cuò)誤的"，與本題語義不符。這里只表示"回來"，所以答案是B。 
　�、� The word geography __74_ from two Greek words. 
　　74. A. falls B. results C. removes D. comes 
　　該題可有兩個(gè)正確的搭配，但result from表示"起因于"，而這里表示的是單詞的來源，答案應(yīng)該是D。
 
(2) 注意動(dòng)詞與名詞、介詞和副詞的搭配功能 

　�、� The initial effort to recall __77__ the mind for operation. 
　　77. A. leads B. begins C. helps D. prepares 
　　本題答案為D，prepare …for表示"使……做好……準(zhǔn)備"。 
　�、� The more knowledge students have (about) the school, the easier it will be for them to __90__ to the new environment. 
　　90. A. fit B. suit C. yield D. adapt 
　　使自己適應(yīng)新的環(huán)境應(yīng)是adapt oneself to 。 
　�、� But they will also __72__ beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a (whole). 
　　72. A. pass B. reach C. come D. go 
　　本題中跟與beyond搭配的只有選項(xiàng)D。 
　�、� He is faced in his daily work __80__ differences in philosophy, arrangements of courses and methods of teaching. 
　　A. toward B. with C. to D. at 
　　與be faced搭配的介詞是with。 
　�、� But (if) you were to remove the skin you could not __64__ anything about the race to which the individual belonged. 
　　64.A speak B. talk C. tell D. mention 
　　從搭配功能上講，只有tell可接something about。 

(3)注意形容詞與名詞的搭配 

　　These highways generally (connect) large urban centers which means that they become crowded with ___78_ traffic during rush hours. 
　　78. A. large B. fast C. light D. heavy 
　　用來修飾traffic的有l(wèi)ight/heavy。根據(jù)上文中crowded和下文rush hours可以判斷這里的正確搭配應(yīng)是heavy traffic。 

(4) 注意名詞與介詞的搭配 

　　名詞與介詞所構(gòu)成的固定搭配是一種常見的語言形式，也是英語完形填空測試中經(jīng)常涉及的題點(diǎn)。對于這類搭配，考生只要平時(shí)注意識(shí)記即可。 
　�、� But they also (go) beyond the individual places and consider the earth as a __73__. 
　　73. A. whole B. part C. unit D. total 
　　本題答案為A，構(gòu)成as a whole的搭配，意為"作為整體"。 
　�、� By the time the easier questions are answered, answers _88__ the more difficult ones will usually come into the consciousness. 
　　88. A. to B. of C. about D. for 
　　本題所考查的實(shí)際上是名詞與介詞的搭配，答案為A。 
(5)注意形容詞與介詞的搭配 
　　① Even if a grade is not given, the student is __77__ for learning the material assigned. 
　　77. A. criticized B. innocent C. responsible D. dismissed 
　　從搭配能力上來看，A，D結(jié)構(gòu)也是正確的，但語義與上下文不和。答案應(yīng)是C, be responsible for 表示"對……負(fù)責(zé)"，而上下文所講的正是"學(xué)生應(yīng)該對自己的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)起責(zé)任"。 
　　② The man had to (circle) the airport several times in order to become __85_ with the controls of the plane. 
　　85. A. intimate B. familiar C. understood D. close 
　　從搭配上來看，只有B是正確的，另外，從語意角度上講也應(yīng)該是B。在機(jī)場上空盤旋目的是為了熟悉飛機(jī)的駕駛操作，以便安全降落。 
　�、� Then they answer first the ones __85__ which they are most confident. 
　　85. A. of B. with C. for D. in 
which所引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，所填介詞是從句中介詞的提前，根據(jù)從句中介詞的搭配，答案應(yīng)是D，"對……很自信"應(yīng)該是be confident in。 

9． 注意區(qū)分同義詞、近義詞和形似詞 

　　近幾年的四級英語考試對同義詞、近義詞和形似詞的測試逐漸增多。一般四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中至少有兩個(gè)為近義詞。對于這類考題，考生除具備一定的詞語辨析的能力外，主要是看上下文的語義關(guān)系。如： 
　�、� They expect students, particularly graduate students to be able to exhaust the reference __83__ in the library. Professors will help students who need it, but __84_ that their students should not be too dependent on them. 
　　83. A. selections  B. collections   C. sources   D. origins 
　　84. A. hate        B. dislike       C. like      D. prefer 
　　83中collections為"全集、匯編"；selections為"選集"，圖書館的資料不只是選集或匯編，所以該兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)與語意不符。C，D意思接近，但所指有別，只"源泉、來源"，指"起源、起因"。圖書館所提供的應(yīng)該是參考材料的源泉，答案應(yīng)是C。 
　�、� These secondary routes may go up steel slopes, along high (cliffs), or down frightening hillsides to towns __87__ in deep valleys. 
　　87. A. lying B. laying C. laid D. lied 
　　本題的選擇涉及到lie 和lay語義和用法區(qū)別以及非謂語動(dòng)詞的用法。表示"坐落"的應(yīng)該是不及物動(dòng)詞lie, 做定語與被修飾對象之間構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在分詞形式，即A。 
　　③ At this moment, the air hostess ___73__. She looked pale, but was quite __74__. 
　　73. A. showed   B. presented    C. exposed    D. appeared 
　　74. A. well     B. still        C. calm       D. quiet 
　　73中四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都有"出現(xiàn)、顯露"方面的意思，但自身的語義特征構(gòu)成了各自及物不及物的區(qū)別。A，B，C 都是及物動(dòng)詞，而這里應(yīng)用不及物動(dòng)詞，表示"出現(xiàn)"之意，所以答案為D。 
　　74除A外，三個(gè)選項(xiàng)意思接近，為近義詞。但語義的側(cè)重不同，與人連用時(shí)，still表示"站著不動(dòng)"，quiet表示"安靜，不亂說，亂動(dòng)"，calm則表示人，"鎮(zhèn)定、平靜"。上文的"臉色蒼白"，說明了"恐懼"的存在，而一般在這種狀態(tài)下，人們的行為會(huì)有些失常，表現(xiàn)出不夠"鎮(zhèn)定"，"不能泰然處之"。句中but的使用，所以，答案應(yīng)該是C。 
　�、� If the father says he hates fat meat or the mother __67_vegetables in the child's hearing he is _68__ to copy the procedure. 
　　67. A. opposes    B. denies     C. refuses    D. offends 
　　68. A. willing    B. possible   C. obliged    D. likely 
　　67四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都具有否定的含義。由上文來看，這里所表示的應(yīng)該是母親不喜歡吃蔬菜之類的含義。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，A搭配不對，因oppose后一般不接表示具體事物的名詞。deny表示"拒絕給予"，意思不符，offend表示"冒犯，觸怒"，與vegetable搭配不當(dāng)。refuse表示"拒絕"，即"拒絕吃蔬菜"，為正確選項(xiàng)。 
　　68中有兩種選項(xiàng)：A，B表示與"意愿"有關(guān)的概念；B，D表示"可能性"。從上下文的語義發(fā)展來看，應(yīng)該是可能性。B，D兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，B句法結(jié)構(gòu)不對，答案為D。 
　　⑤ Human brains are the __68___. 
　　68. A. same B. identical C. similar D. alike 
　　四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都表示"相同"的概念，對于這四個(gè)詞的選擇，考生不必去分析每個(gè)詞之間的語義差別，最好是從搭配上入手。四個(gè)單詞中只有same與定冠詞連用，答案自然是A。 
　　⑥ Long before they graduate from high school, these students take special _72__ to prepare for advanced study. 
　　72. A. courses B. disciplines C. majors D. subjects 
除B之外，其它三個(gè)選項(xiàng)都與"課程"有關(guān)，subject是"學(xué)科""科目"， major表示"專業(yè)"， course意為"課程"。另外從搭配來看，能與take搭配的也只是選項(xiàng)A。 
　�、逽ome high school students may be _76__ to have an interview with representatives of the university. 
　　76. A. acquired B. considered C. ordered D. required 
　　A，D為形似詞，意思差別很大，考生要注意區(qū)分。根據(jù)招生的安排，大學(xué)老師與考生見面并非強(qiáng)制性行為，而是對報(bào)考考生的一個(gè)要求，答案為D。 
　　⑧They are _78__ to show that they have a good attitude and the _79__ to succeed. 
　　78. A. decided B. intended C. settled D. determined 
　　79. A. power B. ability C. possibility D. quality 
　　78中四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都可表示"決定"，但能構(gòu)成be + ved結(jié)構(gòu)的卻只有D。從語義角度上講，面試考生要展示的是自己的能力，而非可能性。A與能力似乎有點(diǎn)聯(lián)系，但具體地來說，表示的是"權(quán)利"，"能源"，所以79題的正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是B。