Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)

　　Section A

　　Directions: In this section, there is a short passage with 5 questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words. Please write your answers on Answer Sheet 2.

　　Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.

　　Overprotective parents inhibit more than their kids’ freedom: they may also slow brain growth in an area linked to mental illness. Children whose parents are overprotective or neglectful are believed to be more susceptible to psychiatric disorders — which in turn are associated with defects in part of the prefrontal cortex (皮層).

　　To investigate the link, Kosuke Narita of Gunma University, Japan, scanned the brains of 50 people in their 20s and asked them to fill out a survey about their relationship with their parents during their first 16 years. The researchers used a survey called the Parental Bonding Instrument, an internationally recognized way of measuring children’s relationships with their parents. It asks participants to rate their parents on statements like “Did not want me to grow up”, “tried to control everything I did” and “tried to make me feel dependent on her / him”. Narita’s team found that those with overprotective parents had less grey matter in a particular area of the prefrontal cortex than those who had healthy relationships. Neglect from fathers, though not mothers, also correlated with less grey matter. This part of the prefrontal cortex develops during childhood, and abnormalities there are common in people with schizophrenia and other mental illnesses. Narita and his team propose that the excessive release of the stress hormone cortisol (皮質(zhì)醇) — due either to neglect, or to too much attention — and reduced production of dopamine as a result of poor parenting leads to stunted grey matter growth.

　　Anthony Harris, director of the Clinical Disorders Unit at Westmead Hospital in Sydney, Australia, says the study is important for highlighting to the wider community that parenting styles can have long-term effects on children. But he adds that such brain differences are not always permanent. “Many individuals show great resilience (彈性),” he says. Stephen Wood, who studies adolescent development at the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre in Australia, says the brain abnormalities cannot necessarily be blamed on children’s relationship with their parents. He points out that the subjects studied may have been born with the abnormalities and as a result didn’t bond well with their parents, rather than vice versa. Wood also takes issue with the study team’s decision to exclude individuals with low socioeconomic status and uneducated parents — two factors known to contribute to poor performance in cognitive tests. “The effect they found may be real, but why worry about parenting if there are other factors that are so much larger?” he says.

　　47. It is believed that children with overprotective or neglectful parents are _____________________.

　　48. The researchers from Gunma University of Japan used a survey — the Parental Bonding Instrument — to measure _____________________.

　　49. Narita’s team found that children whose parents are overprotective or neglectful had _____________________ in part of the prefrontal cortex.

　　50. Stephen Wood from the Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre in Australia says that children’s relationship with their parents cannot necessarily be blamed for _____________________.

　　51. Stephen Wood believes that if there are other factors that are so much larger, it is no need worrying about _____________________.

　　Section B

　　Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

　　Passage One

　　Questions 52 to 56 are based on the following passage.

　　The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy, triggering the most severe financial crisis since the 1920s.

　　The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm — double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.

　　In the weeks and months that followed Mr. Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector, they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.

　　The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 1989. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more volatile (動蕩的). But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says, “I’m pretty confident we’re at the bottom.”

　　What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds — death, debt and divorce — still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.

　　52. In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst’s sale was referred to as “a last victory” because .

　　A) the art market had witnessed a succession of victories

　　B) the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids

　　C) Beautiful inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces

　　D) it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis

　　53. By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable” (Line 1-2, Para.3), the author suggests that .

　　A) art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent

　　B) collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions

　　C) people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries

　　D) works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying

　　54. What do we learn about the art market from the passage?

　　A) Nobody has confidence in the future of the art market.

　　B) The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum.

　　C) The art market generally went downward in various ways.

　　D) Sales of contemporary art rose dramatically from 2007 to 2008.

　　55. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are .

　　A) auction houses’ favorites　 C) factors promoting artwork circulation

　　B) contemporary trends　 D) styles representing impressionists

　　56. What is mainly discussed in the passage?

　　A) Art market in decline.　 C) Fluctuation of art prices.

　　B) Up-to-date art auctions.　 D) Shifted interest in arts.

　　Passage Two

　　Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.

　　Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks or wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.

　　“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”

　　The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.

　　If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins — are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.

　　A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.

　　“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable (可行的).”

　　Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through cruel and endless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics (手段) have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.

　　57. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap .

　　A) should be further cultivated　 C) are deeply rooted in history

　　B) should be changed gradually　 D) are basically private concerns

　　58. The example of brushing teeth shows that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to .

　　A) perfected art of products　 C) commercial promotions

　　B) automatic behavior creation　 D) scientific experiments

　　59. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to .

　　A) show the urgent need of daily necessities

　　B) reveal their impact on people’ habits

　　C) indicate their effect on people’ buying power

　　D) manifest the significant role of good habits

　　60. How did Carol Berning see creating automatic behaviors among consumers?

　　A) It may not bring huge profits for companies.

　　B) It has become a new field of scientific research.

　　C) It means a heavy investment for companies.

　　D) It is necessary for the success of new products.

　　61. What is the author’s attitude toward the influence of advertising on people’s habits?

　　A) Indifferent. B) Negative. C)Positive. D) Biased.

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